In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an inflammatory process is ongoing in the lungs, with concomitant damage of the alveolar structures and loss of airway function. In this inflammatory process, extracellular matrix degradation is observed. During this lung matrix degradation, small peptide fragments consisting of proline and glycine repeats generated from collagen fibers are liberated from the matrix by matrix metalloproteinases. Chemotactic activities of these collagen-derived peptides such as N-acetyl-proline-glycine-proline (PGP) via CXCR1 and CXCR2 have been reported. We show here that PGP induces neutrophil migration in vivo, which is dose dependent. Moreover, PGP is involved in the development of emphysema-like changes in the airways. The complementary peptide, L-arginine-threonine-arginine (RTR), has been shown to bind to PGP sequences and inhibit neutrophil infiltration. We show that RTR impedes both PGP- and interleukin-8-induced chemotaxis in vitro. In vivo, RTR prevents both migration and activation of neutrophils induced by PGP. Furthermore, RTR completely inhibits PGP-induced lung emphysema, assessed by changes in alveolar enlargement and right ventricular hypertrophy. In conclusion, these data indicate that collagen breakdown products, especially PGP, are important in the pathogenesis of COPD and that PGP antagonism via RTR ameliorates lung emphysema.—van Houwelingen, A. H., Weathington, N. M., Verweij, V., Blalock, J. E., Nijkamp, F. P., Folkerts, G. Induction of lung emphysema is prevented by L-arginine-threonine-arginine.