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(The FASEB Journal. 1999;13:1658-1676.)
© 1999 FASEB

New insights into the regulation of protein kinase C and novel phorbol ester receptors

DORIT RON*1 and MARCELO G. KAZANIETZ{dagger}1

* Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110-3518, USA; and
{dagger} Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA

1Correspondence: M.G.K., Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA. E-mail: marcelo{at}spirit.gcrc.upenn.edu

Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of related serine-threonine kinases, is a key player in the cellular responses mediated by the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) and the phorbol ester tumor promoters. The traditional view of PKCs as DAG/phospholipid-regulated proteins has expanded in the last few years by three seminal discoveries. First, PKC activity and maturation is controlled by autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation mechanisms, which includes phosphorylation of PKC isozymes by phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinases (PDKs) and tyrosine kinases. Second, PKC activity and localization are regulated by direct interaction with different types of interacting proteins. Protein–protein interactions are now recognized as important mechanisms that target individual PKCs to different intracellular compartments and confer selectivity by associating individual isozymes with specific substrates. Last, the discovery of novel phorbol ester receptors lacking kinase activity allows us to speculate that some of the biological responses elicited by phorbol esters or by activation of receptors coupled to elevation in DAG levels could be mediated by PKC-independent pathways.—Ron, D., Kazanietz, M. G. New insights into the regulation of protein kinase C and novel phorbol ester receptors.


Key Words: PKC • signal transduction • phorbol ester • chimaerin • anchoring proteins




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