| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
,1
* Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece;
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
1 Correspondence: Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), 9 Neapoleos St., Marousi 151 23, Greece. E-mail: matthew.falagas{at}tufts.edu
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Key Words: abstract • conference • paper • article • impact factor
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
2
3
4)
. Another study reported that 
70% of abstracts led to publications in journals in the field of otorhinolaryngology; mean time to publication was 22 months, but the study evaluated a period of 27 years (1978–1995) (5)
.
Most earlier studies reported on the differences in titles (6)
between abstracts and full papers, authorship (6
, 7)
, and the study cohort itself (6)
. However, little is known about possible differences between presented abstracts and full papers with respect to aims and conclusions or the results of each study. To examine the quality of information presented in scientific conferences, we performed a detailed comparison of aims, results, and conclusions presented in conference abstracts and subsequent corresponding published papers.
|
METHODS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
To identify each corresponding published paper based on the research originally presented in abstract form, we performed a detailed computerized search of articles indexed by Index Medicus as of March 2004. Therefore, our evaluation period extended for a maximum of 5 years. We carried out separate searches using the appropriate key words from the title of the abstract combined with each author’s name in order to identify the corresponding full paper. If the study was not published in a biomedical journal indexed by Index Medicus, the abstract was excluded from further analysis. Journal articles that included data referring to additional study participants or expanded periods of observation compared with those presented in the conference abstract were excluded from analysis. However, pairs of abstracts/papers where the published paper had a smaller sample size than the conference abstract, despite an extension of the period studied, were included in the analysis.
The results were recorded in a specifically designed case report form. For each selected pair of ICAAC abstract and related full paper published in a biomedical journal, two independent investigators performed a detailed comparison of all individual data presented in the abstract and corresponding full paper (including its abstract, text, tables, and figures). In cases of discrepancy in the findings between the two investigators, the results were discussed by all study investigators to determine the type of difference recorded, if any. The identified differences were grouped into eight categories (differences in numbers and/or rates of patients, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values or Ki values, other pharmacological properties of antibiotics, numbers or rates of bacterial isolates, odds ratio, duration of observation, aims, and/or study conclusions). The differences were categorized into minor or major depending on their magnitude. Differences where any of the numbers were modified by >10% were considered major. A change was considered major if statistically nonsignificant results were changed to statistically significant, or the reverse.
Finally, we evaluated different factors of the studies and their bivariable association with the presence of differences in data between the conference abstract and the subsequent published paper. We analyzed the following seven variables using logistic regression models: research category in which the abstract was presented in ICAAC, type of presentation (oral or poster), the time from the conference to publication, impact factor of the journal where the article was published, the number of publications of the presenting first and last author of the abstract, and country of origin of the published article.
|
RESULTS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Sixteen conference abstracts were published as full papers without referring to the same study period and/or the same population. These pairs were excluded from further analysis, but we separately evaluated whether the inclusion of additional study participants or expansion of the study period had led to differences in the aims and conclusions of each study. We found that only 3/16 (19%) had such differences.
One additional study initially presented as a conference abstract was subsequently published in a biomedical journal as a "Letter to the Editor" and was excluded from the analysis. Therefore, 51 of 68 pairs where both the abstract and full paper referred to the same study population and period of observation were further analyzed.
Differences between data presented in conference abstracts and published papers were found in 30 of 51 pairs (59%, 95% C.I.: 45–73%). Among pairs of abstracts and articles that had some difference, 3/30 (10%) had differences in both the aims and conclusions of the study, 2/30 (7%) only in the study conclusions, 10/30 (33%) in numbers and/or rates of the studied participants, 9/30 (30%) in numbers or rates of microbiological isolates, 5/30 (17%) in MIC or Ki values, 2/30 (7%) in other pharmacological properties of antibiotics, 1/30 (3%) in odds ratio, and 1/30 (3%) in the duration of observation. Three pairs of abstract-published article had differences in two of the aforementioned categories. The specific differences found between the ICAAC abstract and the published articles are presented in a summary form in Table 1
.
|
Of 30 identified pairs with some type of discrepancy between the conference abstract and published paper, 23 (77%) had major differences; the remaining 7 (23%) had minor differences as defined in Methods. The two pairs with differences only in the conclusion as reported above were identified among the 23 pairs with major differences; the three pairs with differences in both the aims and conclusions had no differences in the results.
We also evaluated bivariable associations between several characteristics of the studies and the presence or absence of differences between the abstract and the full paper. Time to publication (from presentation of the conference abstract to publication of the full paper) was found to be associated with the presence of differences between the abstract and the full paper (OR=1.76, 95% CI 0.95–3.24/year of delay, P=0.07) whereas the research category, the type of presentation (oral or poster), the number of publications of full papers of the authors, the impact factor of the journal, and the country of origin of the published paper were not found to be associated (data not shown).
|
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
60%) evaluated, comparing conference abstracts and full papers in the aims, results, and conclusions. In 45% of the pairs, the differences were considered major, surpassing the 10% threshold described in Methods. Finally, we notably found that the farther away from the time of abstract presentation to publication of the full paper, the higher was the probability to identify a difference in the corresponding data presented.
Several studies have described the publication rates of abstracts presented at annual meetings (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8)
. In these studies occasional changes were noted in authorship or title between the abstract and full publication (6
, 7)
. Other studies evaluated the quality of the abstract of a published paper by comparing it with the full data presented in the paper, including text, tables, and figures (9
10
11
12)
. Three main types of deficiencies of abstracts of published papers were identified. The more common type of deficiency was inconsistency between data in the abstract and the body of the paper. The other two, less common, types of deficiency were that data presented in the abstract were not presented in the body and that (occasionally) conclusions presented in the abstract were not justified by data in the body of the article. In addition, the absence of a "limitation" section of an abstract is considered a deficiency for the presentation of data in a summary form by editors of some biomedical journals (13)
.
In our study we found several notable differences between data presented in abstracts and published full papers. The above-reported differences may be attributed to several reasons affecting the accuracy of data presented in scientific conferences. First, data presented at the meetings may differ from those submitted originally. Submitted abstracts may not be quite accurate since investigators may fail to carefully review their work in a timely fashion as they struggle to meet submission deadlines. Furthermore, investigators tend to be more accurate and careful when submitting data for publication in peer-reviewed journals. The peer review process and careful editing of the manuscripts by the editorial staff of journals often lead to changes in several aspects of the reported data, even including changes in the classification of exposure status and outcome. It is generally thought that the peer review process leads to an improvement in the quality of published papers (14)
.
A longer period from presentation in the conference to publication of the full paper was found to be associated with the presence of differences of data. This finding may suggest that delayed publication is a result of successive rejections of the submitted manuscripts and, subsequently, changes in reported data due to the peer review process. When the time between presentation of data in a conference and publication in a biomedical journal is prolonged, the changes of authorship that often occur (6
, 7)
may lead to modifications of the reported data due to occasional changes of classification of exposure, outcome, or other parameters in the methodology of the study. Studies that take longer to be published may indicate they were in an earlier stage of development and/or analysis, therefore providing opportunities for data changes and modification of preliminary results. On the other hand, conference abstracts that did not differ from corresponding articles may have been completed, accepted or in print as full papers by the time they appeared in the meeting and there was no room for further changes. In fact, three full papers in our study were published 3, 3, and 5 months before being presented as conference abstracts.
Our study has several limitations. First, we only evaluated a specific field of our expertise for a 5 year period and therefore cannot generalize our findings to other scientific disciplines or other periods. Second, although we categorized the results into minor and major based on ad hoc criteria, we are unable to provide substantial comments on the impact of the above differences on scientific inference and or decision-making for scientists. Third, we did not have enough statistical power to perform multivariable analyses regarding the examined study factors and a possible association with the presence of differences between abstracts and papers; therefore, we reported only bivariable associations.
It is reassuring that although we found several identifiable differences, only a very small proportion of studies exhibited differences in their aims and/or conclusions. While there are several explanations for the differences noted between data presented in conference abstracts and full papers, researchers should be mindful of our observations and strive to improve the accuracy of data presentation in scientific conferences as well as in peer-reviewed journals.
Pairs of conference abstracts and subsequent published papers with differences in aims, results and/or conclusions.
1. Damrikarnlert, L., Jauregui, A. C., and Kzadri, M. (1999) A comparison of Augmentin twice daily versus three times daily in the treatment of children with acute otitis media. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category M&N, 165, 707
Damrikarnlert, L., Jauregui, A. C., and Kzadri, M. (2000) Efficacy and safety of amoxycillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) twice daily versus three times daily in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. The Augmentin 454 Study Group. J. Chemother. 12, 79–87
2. Fabry, J., Sahajian, F., Caillat-Vallet, E., Bailly, F., Excler, G., Fasquel, D., and Trepo, C. (1999) Screening for HCV infection in ambulatory medicine: an evaluation of efficacy and cost in France. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category H, 85, 408
Pradat, P., Caillat-Vallet, E., Sahajian, F., Bailly, F., Excler, G., Sepetjan, M., Trepo, C., and Fabry, J. (2001) ADHEC members. Prevalence of hepatitis C infection among general practice patients in the Lyon area, France. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 17, 47–51
3. Nambiar, S., Schwartz, R. H., and Ziai, M. (1999) CDC/AAP guidelines for judicious antibiotic use: awareness and use by pediatric residents in the mid-Atlantic region. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category O, 186, 735
Nambiar, S., Schwartz, R. H., and Sheridan, M. J. (2002) Antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections: how well do pediatric residents do? Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 156, 621–624
4. Samore, M., Harbarth, S., Burke, J. P., Pestotnik, S. L., and Lloyd, J. L. (2000) Adverse effects of conventional amphotericin (CAB) therapy in hospital patients: attributable costs and excess lengths of stay. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, 123–506
Harbarth, S., Burke, J. P., Lloyd, J. F., Evans, R. S., Pestotnik, S. L., and Samore, M. H. (2002) Clinical and economic outcomes of conventional amphotericin B-associated nephrotoxicity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35, 120–127
5. King, M. D., Reznik, D. A., O’ Daniels, C. M., Larsen, N. M., and Blumberg, H. M. (2000) Emergence of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among HIV-seropositive patients. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category H, 68, 255
King, M. D., and Reznik, D. A. O’ Daniels, C. M, Larsen, N. M, Osterholt, D., and Blumberg, H. M. (2002) Human papillomavirus-associated oral warts among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an emerging infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 641–648
6. Namyslowski, G., and Misiolek, M. (1999) Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (AUG), 875 mg bid, with cefuroxime (FUR), 500 mgr bid, in the treatment of chronic sinusitis (CS) in adults. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category M&N, 172, 710
Namyslowski, G., Misiolek, M., Czecior, E., Malafiej, E., Orecka, B., Namyslowski, P., and Misiolek, H. (2002) Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg b. i. d. with cefuroxime 500 mg b. i. d. in the treatment of chronic and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis in adults. J. Chemother. 14, 508–517
7. Block, S. L., Hedrick, J. A., Harrison, C. J., Tyler, R., Smith, R. A., Findlay, R., and Keegan, E. (1999) Increasing rates of resistance in acute otitis media. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category C2, 53, 141
Block, S. L., Hedrick, J., Harrison, C. J., Tyler, R., Smith, A., Findlay, R., and Keegan, E. (2002) Pneumococcal serotypes from acute otitis media in rural Kentucky. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 21, 859–865
8. Kristinsson, K. G., Hjaltested, E. K., Bernatoniene, J., Erlendsdottir, H., Gudnason, T., Kaltenis, P., and Haraldsson, A. (1999) Comparison of antimicrobial use and resistance in respiratory tract pathogenesis in children in Iceland and Lithuania. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category C2, 57, 142
Hjaltested, E. K., Bernatoniene, J., Erlendsdottir, H., Kaltenis, P., Bernatoniene, J., Gudnason, T., Haraldsson, A., and Kristinsson, K. G. (2003) Resistance in respiratory tract pathogens and antimicrobial use in Icelandic and Lithuanian children. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 35, 21–26
9. Leblebicioglu, H., Canbaz, S., Peksen, Y., and Gunaydin, M. (2000) Antibiotic prescribing and upper respiratory tract infections. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category O, 131, 508
Leblebicioglu, H., Canbaz, S., Peksen, Y., and Gunaydin, M. (2002) Physicians' antibiotic prescribing habits for upper respiratory tract infections in Turkey. J. Chemother. 14, 181–184
10. Lim, C. C., Tambyah, P. A., Lee, K. E., Lee, W. L., Leo, Y. S., Lin, B. K. M., Oh, H., Auchus, A., Wong, J., Sitoh, Y. Y., and Hui, F. (2000) MRI in diagnosis and surveillance of the Nipah virus: the Singapore experience of an emerging pathogen. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category H, 70, 256
Lim, C. C., Lee, K. E., Lee, W. L., Tambyah, P. A., Lee, C. C., Sitoh, Y. Y., Auchus, A. P., Lin, B. K., and Hui, F. (2002) Nipah virus encephalitis: serial MR study of an emerging disease. Radiology 222, 219–226
11. Izumi, K., Mikamo, H., Sato, Y., and Tamaya, T. (1999) In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of S-4661 in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category F, 386, 294
Mikamo, H., Izumi, K., Hua, Y. X., Hayasaki, Y., Sato, Y., and Tamaya, T. (2000) In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a new injectable carbapenem, S-4661, against gynaecological pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46, 471–474
12. Swenson, J. M., and Tenover, F. C. (1999) In vitro activity of a new cephalosporin, RWJ-544289 (MC-02,479), against Streptococci, Enterococci, and staphylococci, including glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category F, 394, 297
Swenson, J. M., and Tenover, F. C. (2002) In vitro activity of a new cephalosporin, RWJ-54428, against streptococci, enterococci and staphylococci, including glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49, 845–850
13. Nagano, R., Yamada, K., Sugimoto, Y., Imamura, H., Hashizume, T., and Morishima, H. (1999) J-110,441, a potent ß-lactamase inhibitor with broad spectrum including class B and class C ß-lactamases. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category F, 402, 299
Nagano, R., Adachi, Y., Imamura, H., Yamada, K., Hashizume, T., and Morishima, H. (1999) Carbapenem derivatives as potential inhibitors of various beta-lactamases, including class B metallo-beta-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 2497–2503
14. Fung-Tomc, J., Minassian, B., Pucci, M., Gradelski, E., Huczko, E., Washo, T., and Bonner, D. P. (2000) Anti staphylococcal activity of a novel MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) Cephem BMS-247243. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category F, 1063, 193
Fung-Tomc, J. C., Clark, J., Minassian, B., Pucci, M., Tsai, Y. H., Gradelski, E., Lamb, L., Medina, I., Huczko, E., Kolek, B., et al. (2002) In vitro and in vivo activities of a novel cephalosporin, BMS-247243, against methicillin-resistant and -susceptible staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 971–976
15. Huczco, E., Minassian, B., Gradelski, E., Fung-Tomc, J., and Bonner, D. (2000) Antibacterial spectrum of a novel MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) cephem BMS-247243. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category F, 1064, 194
Clark, J., Fung-Tomc, J. C., Minassian, B., Tsai, Y. H., Yang, H., Huczko, E., Kolek, B., Chaniewski, S., Ferraro, C., Drain, R., et al. (2002) In vitro and in vivo activities of a novel cephalosporin, BMS-247243, against organisms other than staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 1108–1111
16. Glinka, T., Huie, K., Halas, S., Cho, A., Ludwikow, M., Price, M., Chen, S., Griffith, D., Chamberland, S., Blais, J., et al. (2000) Discovery of novel anti-MRSA cephalosporin RWJ-333441 (MC-04,546). Relationships between structure, antibacterial activity, serum stability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy in a series of (3-heteroarylthio)cephems. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category F, 1071, 195
Glinka T., Huie K., Cho A., Ludwikow M., Blais J., Griffith D., Hecker S., and Dudley, M. (2003) Relationships between structure, antibacterial activity, serum stability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy in 3-(heteroarylthio)cephems. Discovery of RWJ-333441 (MC-04,546). Bioorg. Med. Chem. 20, 591–600
17. Prazuck, T., Morineau, G., Ballereau, F., Bricard-Pacaud, V., Carbonne, P., and Lecomte, A. (2000) Quality control of antibiotics before the implementation of a STD program in northern Myanmar. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category O, 129, 507
Prazuck, T., Falconi, I., Morineau, G., Bricard-Pacaud, V., Lecomte, A., and Ballereau, F. (2002) Quality control of antibiotics before the implementation of an STD program in Northern Myanmar. Sex. Transm. Dis. 29, 624–627
18. Mylotte, J. M., Tayara, A., and Goodnough S. (2000) Antibiotic-resistant organisms (ARO) among nursing home residens (NHR) at the time of admission to an inpatient acute geriatrics service (AGS). 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category K, 97, 402
Mylotte, J. M., Goodnough, S., and Tayara, A. (2001) Antibiotic-resistant organisms among long-term care facility residents on admission to an inpatient geriatrics unit: Retrospective and prospective surveillance. Am. J. Infect. Control 29, 139–144
19. Sader, H. S., Jones, R. N., and Gales, A. C. (1999) Prevalence of antimicrobial resistence among respiratory tract isolates in Latin America: 1997 and 1998 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category C2, 58, 142
Sader, H. S., Gales, A. C., Granacher, T. D., Pfaller, M. A., and Jones, R. N. (2000) SENTRY Study Group (Latin America). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates in Latin America: results from SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (1997–98). Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 4, 245–254
20. Yu, V. L., Plouffe, J. F., Castellani Pastoris, M., Stout, J. E., Widmer, A., Summersgill, J., File, T. M., Schobose, M., Heath, C., Paterson, D. L., et al. (2000) Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): an international collaborative survey. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category L, 593, 441
Yu, V. L., Plouffe, J. F., Pastoris, M. C., Stout, J. E., Schousboe, M., Stout, J. E., Widmer, A., Summersgill, J., File, T., Heath, C. M., et al. (2002) Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey. J. Infect. Dis. 186, 127–128
21. Aracil, B., Minabres, M., Torres, C., Gomez-Garces, J. L., and Alos, J. I. (2000) High prevalence of erythromycin-resistant, clindamycin-susceptible (M-phenotype) Streptococcus viridans group in pharyngeal samples: a reservoir of mef genes in commensal bacteria. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category C, 145, 66
Aracil, B., Minabres, M., Oteo, J., Torres, C., Gomez-Garces, J. L., and Alos, J. I. (2001) High prevalence of erythromycin-resistant and clindamycin-susceptible (M phenotype) viridans group streptococci from pharyngeal samples: a reservoir of mef genes in commensal bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48, 592–594
22. Harris, A. D., Karchmer, T., Carmeli, Y., and Samore, M. H. (2000) Methodologic problems of case control studies analysing the risk factors for antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category K, 82, 399
Harris, A. D., Karchmer, T. B., Carmeli, Y., and Samore, M. H. (2001) Methodological principles of case-control studies that analyzed risk factors for antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 1055–1061 (Review.)
23. Bert, F., Galdbart, J. O., Zarrouk, V., Le Mee, J., Durand, F., Belghiti J., Lambert, N., and Fantin, B. (1999) Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization and infection in liver transplant recipients. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category K, 513, 591
Bert, F., Galdbart, J. O., Zarrouk, V., Le Mee, J., Durand, F., Mentre, F., Belghiti, J., Lambert-Zechovsky, N., and Fantin, B. (2000) Association between nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and infection in liver transplant recipients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 1295–1299
24. Syrogiannopoulos, G. A., Grivea, I. N., Tait-Kamradt, A., Katopodis, G. D., Beratis, N. G., Sutcliffe, J., Appelbaum, P. C., and Davies, T. A. (2000) Identification of erm(A) erythromycin resistance methylase gene in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Greece. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category C, 139, 65
Syrogiannopoulos, G. A., Grivea, I. N., Tait-Kamradt, A., Katopodis, G. D., Beratis, N. G., Sutcliffe, J., Appelbaum, P. C., and Davies, T. A. (2001) Identification of an erm(A) erythromycin resistance methylase gene in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Greece. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 342–344
25. Bruinsma, N., Hutchinson, J. M., Giamarellou, H., Van den Bogaard, A., Degener, J., De Smet, P., and Stobberingh, E. (2000) Importance of population density on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the fecal flora of healthy volunteers. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category K, 101, 403
Bruinsma, N., Hutchinson, J. M., van den Bogaard, A. E., Giamarellou, H., Degener, J., and Stobberingh, E. E. (2003) Influence of population density on antibiotic resistance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51, 385–390
26. Harris, A. D., Kaye, K. S., Samore, M. H., and Carmeli, Y. (2000) Control group selection is an important but neglected issue in studies of antibiotic resistance: an example with ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant Escherichia coli. 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category K, 83, 399
Harris, A. D., Samore, M. H., Lipsitch, M., Kaye, K. S., Perencevich, E., and Carmeli, Y. (2001) Methodological principles of case-control studies that analyzed risk factors for antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 1055–1061 (Review.)
27. Burke, T., Billanueva, C., Mariano, H., Jr., Huck, W., Orchard, D., Haverstock, D., Heyd, A., and Church, D. (1999) Moxifloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute sinusitis. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category M&N, 170, 709
Burke, T., Billanueva, C., Mariano, H., Jr., Huck, W., Orchard, D., Haverstock, D., Heyd, A., and Church, D. (1999) Comparison of moxifloxacin and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis. Sinusitis Infection Study Group. Clin. Ther. 21, 1664–1677
28. Hikida, M., Itahashi, K., Igarashi, A., and Kumagai, T. (1999) Susceptibilities of causative organisms of respiratory tract infections to L-084, a new oral carbapenem owing to medium pH serum. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category F, 387, 294
Hikida, M., Itahashi, K., Igarashi, A., Shiba, T., and Kitamura, M. (1999) In vitro antibacterial activity of LJC 11,036, an active metabolite of L-084, a new oral carbapenem antibiotic with potent antipneumococcal activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 2010–2016
29. Groundstroem, K. W., Melnick, O., Lumio, J. T., Huhtala, H., and Rakhmanova, A. G. (1999) Serial electrocardiography recordings in adult diphtheria patients. 39th ICAAC, San Francisco, California, category L, 305, 656
Lumio, J. T., Groundstroem, K. W., Melnick, O. B., Huhtala, H., and Rakhmanova, A. G. (2004) Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with diphtheria: a prospective study. Am. J. Med. 116, 78–83
30. Fernandez-Mazarrasa, C., Perez-Trallero, E., Garcia-De-Lomas, J., Garcia-Rodriguez, J. A., and Garcia-Rey, C. (2000) Susceptibility of 2,039 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes from pharyngeal exudates samples: results of a Spanish multicenter surveillance study over 1-year period (1998–1999). 40th ICAAC, Toronto, Canada, category C, 142, 66
Perez-Trallero, E., Fernandez-Mazarrasa, C., Garcia-Rey, C., Bouza, E., Aguilar, L., Garcia-de-Lomas, J., and Baquero, F. (2001) Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1,684 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 2,039 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates and their ecological relationships: results of a 1-year (1998–1999) multicenter surveillance study in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 45, 3334–3340
Received for publication September 14, 2004. Accepted for publication January 7, 2005.
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Related Articles
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Hopewell, A. Eisinga, and M. Clarke Better reporting of randomized trials in biomedical journal and conference abstracts Journal of Information Science, April 1, 2008; 34(2): 162 - 173. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Falagas and E. S. Rosmarakis Clinical decision-making based on findings presented in conference abstracts: is it safe for our patients? Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2006; 27(17): 2038 - 2039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
