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The FASEB Journal, Vol 9, 175-182, Copyright © 1995 by The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

REVIEWS

Protein kinases that phosphorylate activated G protein-coupled receptors

RT Premont, J Inglese and RJ Lefkowitz
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that specifically recognize agonist- occupied, activated G protein-coupled receptor proteins as substrates. Phosphorylation of an activated receptor by a GRK terminates signaling by that receptor, by initiating the uncoupling of the receptor from heterotrimeric G proteins. Six distinct mammalian GRKs are known, which differ in tissue distribution and in regulatory properties. The intracellular localization of GRKs to membrane-bound receptor substrates is the most important known regulatory feature of these enzymes. Rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) requires a post-translationally added farnesyl isoprenoid to bind to light-activated rhodopsin. The beta- adrenergic receptor kinases (GRK2 and GRK3) associate with heterotrimeric G protein beta gamma-subunits, released upon receptor activation of G proteins, for membrane anchorage. The recently- described GRKs 4, 5, and 6 comprise a distinct subgroup of GRKs. These kinases utilize distinct mechanisms for membrane localization, which are just beginning to be defined. All GRKs appear to play the same general cellular role of desensitizing activated G protein-coupled receptors, but utilize distinctly individual means to the same end.


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P. M. C. Lembo, M. H. Ghahremani, and P. R. Albert
Receptor Selectivity of the Cloned Opossum G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) in Intact Opossum Kidney Cells: Role in Desensitization of Endogenous {alpha}2C-Adrenergic but Not Serotonin 1B Receptors
Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 1999; 13(1): 138 - 147.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. N. Pronin, C. V. Carman, and J. L. Benovic
Structure-Function Analysis of G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase-5. ROLE OF THE CARBOXYL TERMINUS IN KINASE REGULATION
J. Biol. Chem., November 20, 1998; 273(47): 31510 - 31518.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
C.-C. Tseng and X.-Y. Zhang
Role of Regulator of G Protein Signaling in Desensitization of the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Receptor
Endocrinology, November 1, 1998; 139(11): 4470 - 4475.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
B. Y. Williams, S. B. Dion, and A. Schonbrunn
Role of Receptor and Protein Kinase C Activation in the Internalization of the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor
Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 1998; 54(5): 889 - 898.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Z.-J. Cheng, Q.-M. Yu, Y.-L. Wu, L. Ma, and G. Pei
Selective Interference of beta -Arrestin 1 with kappa  and delta  but Not µ Opioid Receptor/G Protein Coupling
J. Biol. Chem., September 18, 1998; 273(38): 24328 - 24333.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Nakamura, J. G. Krupnick, J. L. Benovic, and M. Ascoli
Signaling and Phosphorylation-impaired Mutants of the Rat Follitropin Receptor Reveal an Activation- and Phosphorylation-independent but Arrestin-dependent Pathway for Internalization
J. Biol. Chem., September 18, 1998; 273(38): 24346 - 24354.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
S. Lajat, S. Harbon, and Z. Tanfin
Carbachol-induced desensitization of PLC-beta pathway in rat myometrium: downregulation of Gqalpha /G11alpha
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 1998; 275(3): C636 - C645.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
J. D. Laporte, P. E. Moore, R. A. Panettieri, W. Moeller, J. Heyder, and S. A. Shore
Prostanoids mediate IL-1beta -induced beta -adrenergic hyporesponsiveness in human airway smooth muscle cells
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 1998; 275(3): L491 - L501.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
N. Hukovic, R. Panetta, U. Kumar, M. Rocheville, and Y. C. Patel
The Cytoplasmic Tail of the Human Somatostatin Receptor Type 5 Is Crucial for Interaction with Adenylyl Cyclase and in Mediating Desensitization and Internalization
J. Biol. Chem., August 14, 1998; 273(33): 21416 - 21422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Seybold, R. Newton, L. Wright, P. A. Finney, N. Suttorp, P. J. Barnes, I. M. Adcock, and M. A. Giembycz
Induction of Phosphodiesterases 3B, 4A4, 4D1, 4D2, and 4D3 in Jurkat T-cells and in Human Peripheral Blood T-lymphocytes by 8-Bromo-cAMP and Gs-coupled Receptor Agonists. POTENTIAL ROLE IN beta 2-ADRENORECEPTOR DESENSITIZATION
J. Biol. Chem., August 7, 1998; 273(32): 20575 - 20588.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. d. F. M. Lazari, J. E. Bertrand, K. Nakamura, X. Liu, J. G. Krupnick, J. L. Benovic, and M. Ascoli
Mutation of Individual Serine Residues in the C-terminal Tail of the Lutropin/Choriogonadotropin Receptor Reveal Distinct Structural Requirements for Agonist-induced Uncoupling and Agonist-induced Internalization
J. Biol. Chem., July 17, 1998; 273(29): 18316 - 18324.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. A. Saura, J. Mallol, E. I. Canela, C. Lluis, and R. Franco
Adenosine Deaminase and A1 Adenosine Receptors Internalize Together following Agonist-induced Receptor Desensitization
J. Biol. Chem., July 10, 1998; 273(28): 17610 - 17617.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
M. Yang, R. Büscher, K. Taguchi, B. Grübbel, P. A. Insel, and M. C. Michel
Protein Kinase C Does Not Mediate Phenylephrine-Induced Down-regulation of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cell Alpha-1B Adrenoceptors
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 1998; 286(1): 36 - 43.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
B. Virlon, D. Firsov, L. Cheval, E. Reiter, C. Troispoux, F. Guillou, and J.-M. Elalouf
Rat G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase GRK4: Identification, Functional Expression, and Differential Tissue Distribution of Two Splice Variants
Endocrinology, June 1, 1998; 139(6): 2784 - 2795.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
D. Strassheim, P.-Y. Law, and H. H. Loh
Contribution of Phospholipase C-beta 3 Phosphorylation to the Rapid Attenuation of Opioid-Activated Phosphoinositide Response
Mol. Pharmacol., June 1, 1998; 53(6): 1047 - 1053.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Cardiovasc ResHome page
S. T Rapundalo
Cardiac protein phosphorylation: functional and pathophysiological correlates
Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1998; 38(3): 559 - 588.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
O. Vogler, G. S. Bogatkewitsch, C. Wriske, P. Krummenerl, K. H. Jakobs, and C. J. van Koppen
Receptor Subtype-specific Regulation of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Sequestration by Dynamin. DISTINCT SEQUESTRATION OF m2 RECEPTORS
J. Biol. Chem., May 15, 1998; 273(20): 12155 - 12160.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. A. Pitcher, R. A. Hall, Y. Daaka, J. Zhang, S. S. G. Ferguson, S. Hester, S. Miller, M. G. Caron, R. J. Lefkowitz, and L. S. Barak
The G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Is a Microtubule-associated Protein Kinase That Phosphorylates Tubulin
J. Biol. Chem., May 15, 1998; 273(20): 12316 - 12324.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
K. Nakamura, R. W. Hipkin, and M. Ascoli
The Agonist-Induced Phosphorylation of the Rat Follitropin Receptor Maps to the First and Third Intracellular Loops
Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 1998; 12(4): 580 - 591.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. A. Shetzline, R. T. Premont, J. K. L. Walker, S. R. Vigna, and M. G. Caron
A Role for Receptor Kinases in the Regulation of Class II G Protein-coupled Receptors. PHOSPHORYLATION AND DESENSITIZATION OF THE SECRETIN RECEPTOR
J. Biol. Chem., March 20, 1998; 273(12): 6756 - 6762.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. C. Khani, L. Nielsen, and T. M. Vogt
Biochemical evidence for pathogenicity of rhodopsin kinase mutations correlated with the Oguchi form of congenital stationary night blindness
PNAS, March 17, 1998; 95(6): 2824 - 2827.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
A. M. Aragay, M. Mellado, J. M. R. Frade, A. M. Martin, M. C. Jimenez-Sainz, C. Martinez-A, and F. Mayor Jr.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced CCR2B receptor desensitization mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2
PNAS, March 17, 1998; 95(6): 2985 - 2990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
E. Geras-Raaka, L. Arvanitakis, C. Bais, E. Cesarman, E. A. Mesri, and M. C. Gershengorn
Inhibition of Constitutive Signaling of Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus G Protein-Coupled Receptor by Protein Kinases in Mammalian Cells in Culture
J. Exp. Med., March 2, 1998; 187(5): 801 - 806.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
H. Tsuga, E. Okuno, K. Kameyama, and T. Haga
Sequestration of Human Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor hm1---hm5 Subtypes: Effect of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases GRK2, GRK4, GRK5 and GRK6
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 1998; 284(3): 1218 - 1226.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
X. Zhao, J. Huang, S. C. Khani, and K. Palczewski
Molecular Forms of Human Rhodopsin Kinase (GRK1)
J. Biol. Chem., February 27, 1998; 273(9): 5124 - 5131.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Tsuga, K. Kameyama, T. Haga, T. Honma, J. Lameh, and W. Sadee
Internalization and Down-regulation of Human Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor m2 Subtypes. ROLE OF THIRD INTRACELLULAR m2 LOOP AND G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 2
J. Biol. Chem., February 27, 1998; 273(9): 5323 - 5330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Conchon, N. Peltier, P. Corvol, and E. Clauser
A noninternalized nondesensitized truncated AT1A receptor transduces an amplified ANG II signal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 1998; 274(2): E336 - E345.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
D. Fushman, T. Najmabadi-Haske, S. Cahill, J. Zheng, H. LeVine III, and D. Cowburn
The Solution Structure and Dynamics of the Pleckstrin Homology Domain of G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (beta -Adrenergic Receptor Kinase 1). A BINDING PARTNER OF Gbeta gamma SUBUNITS
J. Biol. Chem., January 30, 1998; 273(5): 2835 - 2843.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
J. Hesselgesser, M. Liang, J. Hoxie, M. Greenberg, L. F. Brass, M. J. Orsini, D. Taub, and R. Horuk
Identification and Characterization of the CXCR4 Chemokine Receptor in Human T Cell Lines: Ligand Binding, Biological Activity, and HIV-1 Infectivity
J. Immunol., January 15, 1998; 160(2): 877 - 883.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Daaka, L. M. Luttrell, S. Ahn, G. J. Della Rocca, S. S. G. Ferguson, M. G. Caron, and R. J. Lefkowitz
Essential Role for G Protein-coupled Receptor Endocytosis in the Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase
J. Biol. Chem., January 9, 1998; 273(2): 685 - 688.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Vazquez-Prado, L. d. C. Medina, and J. A. Garcia-Sainz
Activation of Endothelin ETA Receptors Induces Phosphorylation of alpha 1b-Adrenoreceptors in Rat-1 Fibroblasts
J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 1997; 272(43): 27330 - 27337.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
B. January, A. Seibold, B. Whaley, R. W. Hipkin, D. Lin, A. Schonbrunn, R. Barber, and R. B. Clark
beta 2-Adrenergic Receptor Desensitization, Internalization, and Phosphorylation in Response to Full and Partial Agonists
J. Biol. Chem., September 19, 1997; 272(38): 23871 - 23879.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
Z. Nie, Y. Mei, and V. Ramkumar
Short Term Desensitization of the A1 Adenosine Receptors in DDT1MF-2 Cells
Mol. Pharmacol., September 1, 1997; 52(3): 456 - 464.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 HypertensionHome page
H. Yang, D. Lu, and M. K. Raizada
Angiotensin II-Induced Phosphorylation of the AT1 Receptor From Rat Brain Neurons
Hypertension, September 1, 1997; 30(3): 351 - 357.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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