The FASEB Journal, Vol 9, 1650-1657, Copyright © 1995 by The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

REVIEWS

A prediction of chromium(III) accumulation in humans from chromium dietary supplements

DM Stearns, JJ Belbruno and KE Wetterhahn
Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3564, USA.

It has been proposed that 90% of American's diets are deficient in the trace essential mineral chromium. Several chromium(III) dietary supplements are currently available to alleviate this deficiency. We show here that the same pharmacokinetic models that have been used to quantitate absorption of chromium(III) in humans predict that ingested chromium(III) will accumulate and be retained in human tissues for extended periods. Calculations were carried out with the popular supplement chromium picolinate as an example, but may be applied to any chromium(III) complex. Results from these calculations were compared to clinical data obtained from chromium(III) absorption/retention studies in humans. The models predict that chromium(III) can accumulate in human tissues to reach the levels at which DNA damage has been observed in animals and in vitro. The use of chromium supplements for extended periods or in excess dosages should be reevaluated in terms of these established models because the possible long-term biological effects of chromium accumulation in humans are poorly understood.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Z. Kirpnick-Sobol, R. Reliene, and R. H. Schiestl Carcinogenic Cr(VI) and the Nutritional Supplement Cr(III) Induce DNA Deletions in Yeast and Mice. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 66(7): 3480 - 3484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J Ryan, N. S Wanko, A. R Redman, and C. B Cook Chromium as Adjunctive Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Ann. Pharmacother., June 1, 2003; 37(6): 876 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. D. D. Hepburn, J. Xiao, S. Bindom, J. B. Vincent, and J. O'Donnell Bioinorganic Chemistry Special Feature: Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate causes sterility and lethal mutations in Drosophilamelanogaster PNAS, April 1, 2003; 100(7): 3766 - 3771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. J. O'Flaherty, B. D. Kerger, S. M. Hays, and D. J. Paustenbach A Physiologically Based Model for the Ingestion of Chromium(III) and Chromium(VI) by Humans Toxicol. Sci., April 1, 2001; 60(2): 196 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. C Lukaski Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutriture and physical activity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 585S - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Porter, L. W. Raymond, and G. D. Anastasio Chromium: Friend or Foe? Arch Fam Med, September 1, 1999; 8(5): 386 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. B. Vincent Mechanisms of Chromium Action: Low-Molecular-Weight Chromium-Binding Substance J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 1999; 18(1): 6 - 12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]