The FASEB Journal, Vol 8, 6-12, Copyright © 1994 by The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

REVIEWS

Nutritional regulation of hormones and growth factors that control mammalian growth

DS Straus
Biomedical Sciences Division, University of California, Riverside 92521- 0121.

Juvenile animals stop growing if they are fed a diet containing an inadequate amount of energy or protein. The molecular basis for this growth arrest is not completely understood. The cessation of growth that occurs in nutritionally restricted animals is not generally explained by a decrease in circulating growth hormone (GH). In most species, plasma GH is increased rather than decreased under conditions of nutritional restriction. Current evidence suggests that the biosynthesis of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a key control point for nutritional regulation of growth. Plasma IGF-I peptide levels and hepatic IGF-I mRNA abundance are correlated with growth velocity and are consistently decreased when growth is arrested by nutritional deprivation. The decreased IGF-I mRNA abundance observed in the fasting rat appears to be caused primarily by a decrease in IGF-I gene transcription. In tissues and plasma, the insulin-like growth factors are complexed with high-affinity binding proteins, which are thought to modulate the tissue access and action of the IGFs. The hepatic mRNA abundance of two of the binding proteins (IGFBP-1 and -2) is increased in nutritionally restricted animals. This increase in mRNA abundance is caused primarily by an increase in transcription of the IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 genes. Current research is focused on molecular mechanisms for regulation of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein gene expression.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. J. Kojima, J. A. Carroll, R. L. Matteri, K. J. Touchette, and G. L. Allee Effects of weaning and weaning weight on neuroendocrine regulators of feed intake in pigs J Anim Sci, September 1, 2007; 85(9): 2133 - 2139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Fontana and S. Klein Aging, Adiposity, and Calorie Restriction JAMA, March 7, 2007; 297(9): 986 - 994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rehfeldt and G. Kuhn Consequences of birth weight for postnatal growth performance and carcass quality in pigs as related to myogenesis J Anim Sci, April 1, 2006; 84(13_suppl): E113 - E. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-X. Pan, H. Chen, and M. S. Kilberg Interaction of RNA-binding Proteins HuR and AUF1 with the Human ATF3 mRNA 3'-Untranslated Region Regulates Its Amino Acid Limitation-induced Stabilization J. Biol. Chem., October 14, 2005; 280(41): 34609 - 34616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Averous, A. Bruhat, S. Mordier, and P. Fafournoux Recent Advances in the Understanding of Amino Acid Regulation of Gene Expression J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 2040S - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Endo, Z. Fu, K. Abe, S. Arai, and H. Kato Dietary Protein Quantity and Quality Affect Rat Hepatic Gene Expression J. Nutr., December 1, 2002; 132(12): 3632 - 3637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Matsukawa, Y. Inoue, Y. Oishi, H. Kato, and T. Noguchi Up-Regulation of Upstream Stimulatory Factors by Protein Malnutrition and Its Possible Role in Regulation of the IGF-Binding Protein-1 Gene Endocrinology, November 1, 2001; 142(11): 4643 - 4651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Przybyszewski, A. L. Yaktine, E. Duysen, D. Blackwood, W. Wang, A. Au, and D. F. Birt Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced AP-1-DNA binding, c-Jun protein and c-jun mRNA by dietary energy restriction is reversed by adrenalectomy in SENCAR mouse epidermis Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2001; 22(9): 1421 - 1427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. G. Anthony, J. C. Anthony, M. S. Lewitt, S. M. Donovan, and D. K. Layman Time course changes in IGFBP-1 after treadmill exercise and postexercise food intake in rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2001; 280(4): E650 - E656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Fu, T. Noguchi, and H. Kato Vitamin A Deficiency Reduces Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I Gene Expression and Increases IGF-I Receptor and Insulin Receptor Gene Expression in Tissues of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) J. Nutr., April 1, 2001; 131(4): 1189 - 1194. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Kaaks, P. Toniolo, A. Akhmedkhanov, A. Lukanova, C. Biessy, H. Dechaud, S. Rinaldi, A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, R. E. Shore, and E. Riboli Serum C-Peptide, Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I, IGF-Binding Proteins, and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Women J Natl Cancer Inst, October 4, 2000; 92(19): 1592 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Yu and T. Rohan Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Family in Cancer Development and Progression J Natl Cancer Inst, September 20, 2000; 92(18): 1472 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Metón, A. Caseras, E. Cantó, F. Fernández, and I. V. Baanante Liver Insulin-like Growth Factor-I mRNA Is Not Affected by Diet Composition or Ration Size but Shows Diurnal Variations in Regularly-Fed Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) J. Nutr., April 1, 2000; 130(4): 757 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Tessitore Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Are Involved in the Initiation of Liver Carcinogenesis by a Subnecrogenic Dose of Diethylnitrosamine in Refed Rats J. Nutr., January 1, 2000; 130(1): 104 - 110. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Ramos, L. Goya, C. Alvarez, and A. M. Pascual-Leone Mechanism of Hypothyroidism Action on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and -II from Neonatal to Adult Rats: Insulin Mediates Thyroid Hormone Effects in the Neonatal Period Endocrinology, December 1, 1998; 139(12): 4782 - 4792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Zhang, D. Chrysis, and L. E. Underwood Reduction of Hepatic Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) during Fasting Is Associated with Diminished Splicing of IGF-I Pre-mRNA and Decreased Stability of Cytoplasmic IGF-I mRNA Endocrinology, November 1, 1998; 139(11): 4523 - 4530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Nishimura, M. Fujimoto, S. Oguchi, R. D. Fusunyan, R. P. MacDermott, and I. R. Sanderson Short-chain fatty acids regulate IGF-binding protein secretion by intestinal epithelial cells Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 1998; 275(1): E55 - E63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M KNOTT Insulin-like growth factor type 1---friend or foe? Br. J. Ophthalmol., July 1, 1998; 82(7): 719 - 720. [Full Text]

				J. Zhang, R. E. Whitehead Jr., and L. E. Underwood Effect of Fasting on Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-IA and IGF-IB Messenger Ribonucleic Acids and Prehormones in Rat Liver Endocrinology, August 1, 1997; 138(8): 3112 - 3118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. W. Tobin, K. R. Welch-Holland, and M. J. Marchello Pancreatic Islet Transplantation Improves Body Composition, Decreases Energy Intake and Normalizes Energy Efficiency in Previously Diabetic Female Rats J. Nutr., June 1, 1997; 127(6): 1191 - 1197. [Abstract] [Full Text]