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Akt2 and SGK3 are both determinants of postnatal hair follicle development

Theodora M. Mauro^*,,1, James A. McCormick^,,||,1, Jian Wang^,, Krishna M. Boini^¶, Leena Ray^,, Bobby Monks^#, Morris J. Birnbaum^#, Florian Lang^¶ and David Pearce^,,2

^* Department of Dermatology,

Department of Medicine, and

Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;

Department of Dermatology, San Francisco Veterans Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA;

^|| Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;

^¶ Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and

^# Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

² Correspondence: University of California, San Francisco, Box 2140, San Francisco, CA 94107-2140, USA. E-mail: dpearce{at}medsfgh.ucsf.edu

SGK3, which previously has been shown to play a key role in hair follicle development in mice, is a member of the AGC family of serine-threonine kinases. Mice lacking SGK3 have abnormal follicle cycling, which begins shortly after birth and ameliorates substantially with age. However, this developmental abnormality is not recapitulated in mice lacking closely related kinases Akt1, Akt2, or Akt3. To examine whether Akt2 interacts with SGK3 in postnatal hair development, we have generated and characterized Akt2/SGK3 double knockouts (DKOs). We find that the DKO mice have a defect in hair growth that is markedly worse than that of SGK3^–/– mice and does not ameliorate with age. Morphologically, this defect is characterized by accelerated entry into catagen and through anagen, irregular hair follicle orientation, and increased expression of sebaceous glands. The defect is preceded by a profound failure to increase follicle matrix cell nuclear β-catenin accumulation and proliferation at the onset of morphogenesis. Furthermore, in cultured keratinocytes, transfected Akt2 and SGK3 both stimulate transcription of a β-catenin-LEF1-dependent reporter gene. Thus, SGK3 and Akt2 both appear to play important roles in postnatal hair follicle morphogenesis, likely because of their redundant regulation of β-catenin-dependent transcriptional processes, which control hair follicle cell proliferation.—Mauro, T. M., McCormick, J. A., Wang, J., Boini, K. M., Ray, L., Monks, B., Birnbaum, M. J., Lang, F., and Pearce, D. Akt2 and SGK3 are both determinants of postnatal hair follicle development.

Key Words: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase • β-catenin • Lef1 • proliferation • baldness