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Senile hair graying: H₂O₂-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair

J. M. Wood^*,,1, H. Decker, H. Hartmann, B. Chavan^*, H. Rokos^*,, J. D. Spencer^*,, S. Hasse^*,, M. J. Thornton^*, M. Shalbaf^*, R. Paus^,|| and K. U. Schallreuter^*,2

^* Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, and

Institute for Pigmentary Disorders, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK;

Institute of Molecular Biophysics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany;

Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; and

^|| University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

² Correspondence: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology/Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, UK. E-mail: k.schallreuter{at}bradford.ac.uk

Senile graying of human hair has been the subject of intense research since ancient times. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in hair follicle melanocyte apoptosis and DNA damage. Here we show for the first time by FT-Raman spectroscopy in vivo that human gray/white scalp hair shafts accumulate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in millimolar concentrations. Moreover, we demonstrate almost absent catalase and methionine sulfoxide reductase A and B protein expression via immunofluorescence and Western blot in association with a functional loss of methionine sulfoxide (Met-S=O) repair in the entire gray hair follicle. Accordingly, Met-S=O formation of Met residues, including Met 374 in the active site of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanogenesis, limits enzyme functionality, as evidenced by FT-Raman spectroscopy, computer simulation, and enzyme kinetics, which leads to gradual loss of hair color. Notably, under in vitro conditions, Met oxidation can be prevented by L-methionine. In summary, our data feed the long-voiced, but insufficiently proven, concept of H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in the entire human hair follicle, inclusive of the hair shaft, as a key element in senile hair graying, which does not exclusively affect follicle melanocytes. This new insight could open new strategies for intervention and reversal of the hair graying process.—Wood, J. M., Decker, H., Hartmann, H., Chavan, B., Rokos, H., Spencer, J. D., Hasse, S., Thornton, M. J., Shalbaf, M., Paus, R., Schallreuter, K. U. Senile hair graying: H₂O₂-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair.

Key Words: MSRA&B • tyrosinase • catalase • follicle cells

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