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Effects of a high-fat, low- versus high-glycemic index diet: retardation of insulin resistance involves adipose tissue modulation

Evert M. van Schothorst^*,,,1, Annelies Bunschoten^*,,, Patrick Schrauwen^*,, Ronald P. Mensink^*, and Jaap Keijer^*,,

^* Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands;

RIKILT—Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands;

Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; and

Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

¹Correspondence: Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands. E-mail: evert.vanschothorst{at}wur.nl

Beneficial effects of low glycemic index (GI) diets in rodents have been studied using healthy low-fat diets, while the effects might be different on high-fat diets inducing progression of insulin resistance. We fed C57BL/6J male mice high-fat low/high-GI (LGI/HGI) diets for 13 wk. Glucose and insulin tolerance and serum substrates, including adipokines, were measured longitudinally. The LGI group showed a significantly higher glucose tolerance from wk 2 onwards, which was supported by lower serum insulin and free fatty acids levels at 8 wk, and a tendency for lower leptin levels, while resistin levels remained similar. At 11 wk, when differences in serum resistin started to increase, differences in serum insulin were diminished. Although food intake was similar throughout the study, body weights and epididymal adipose tissue mass became significantly lower in the LGI group at necropsy. Several serum substrates and adipose tissue leptin mRNA levels, as analyzed by Q-PCR, were, again, significantly lower, whereas adiponectin mRNA levels were higher. Taken together, an LGI high-fat diet maintains higher glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity via adipose tissue modulation solely because of a difference in the type of carbohydrate, supporting a nutritional approach in the fight against insulin resistance.—Van Schothorst, E. M., Bunschoten, A., Schrauwen, P., Mensink, R. P., Keijer, J. Effects of a high-fat, low versus high glycemic index diet: retardation of insulin resistance involves adipose tissue modulation.

Key Words: carbohydrate • adipokines • glucose tolerance

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