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The complex of TFII-I, PARP1, and SFPQ proteins regulates the DYX1C1 gene implicated in neuronal migration and dyslexia

Isabel Tapia-Páez^*, Kristiina Tammimies^*, Satu Massinen, Ananda L. Roy and Juha Kere^*,,1

^* Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden;

Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and

Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

¹Correspondence: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Hälsovägen 7–9, 141 57 Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: juha.kere{at}biosci.ki.se

DYX1C1 was first identified as a candidate gene for dyslexia susceptibility, and its role in controlling neuronal migration during embryogenesis and effect on learning in rodents have been verified. In contrast, genetic association studies have been ambiguous in replicating its effects on dyslexia. To better understand the regulation of DYX1C1 and the possible functional role of genetic variation in the promoter of DYX1C1, we selected three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with predicted functional consequences or suggested associations to dyslexia for detailed study. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggested the allele-specific binding of the transcription factors TFII-I (to rs3743205) and Sp1 (to rs16787 and rs12899331) that could be verified by competition assays. In addition, we purified a complex of protein factors binding to the previously suggested dyslexia-related SNP, –3G/A (rs3743205). Three proteins, TFII-I, PARP1, and SFPQ, were unambiguously identified by mass spectrometry and protein sequencing. Two SNPs, rs16787 and rs3743205, showed significant allelic differences in luciferase assays. Our results show that TFII-I, PARP1, and SFPQ proteins, each previously implicated in gene regulation, form a complex controlling transcription of DYX1C1. Furthermore, allelic differences in the promoter or 5' untranslated region of DYX1C1 may affect factor binding and thus regulation of the gene.—Tapia-Páez, I., Tammimies, K., Massinen, S., Roy. A. L., Kere, J. The complex of TFII-I, PARP1, and SFPQ proteins regulates the DYX1C1 gene implicated in neuronal migration and dyslexia.

Key Words: complex disease • regulation of transcription • learning disability • reading impairment