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Evidence for cooperative signal triggering at the extracellular loops of the TSH receptor

Gunnar Kleinau^*,1, Holger Jaeschke^,1, Sandra Mueller, Bruce M. Raaka, Susanne Neumann, Ralf Paschke and Gerd Krause^*,2

^* Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany;

Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; and

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

² Correspondence: Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str.10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany. E-mail: gkrause{at}fmp-berlin.de

The mechanisms governing transition of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) from basal to active conformations are poorly understood. Considering that constitutively activating mutations (CAMs) and inactivating mutations in each of the extracellular loops (ECLs) trigger only partial TSHR activation or inactivation, respectively, we hypothesized that full signaling occurs via multiple extracellular signal propagation events. Therefore, individual CAMs in the extracellular region were combined to create double and triple mutants. In support of our hypothesis, combinations of mutants in the ECLs are in some cases additive, while in others they are even synergistic, with triple mutant I486A/I568V/V656F exhibiting a 70-fold increase in TSH-independent signaling. The proximity but likely different spatial orientation of the residues of activating and inactivating mutations in each ECL supports a dual functionality to facilitate signal induction and conduction, respectively. This is the first report for G-protein coupled receptors, suggesting that multiple and cooperative signal propagating events at all three ECLs are required for full receptor activation. Our findings provide new insights concerning molecular signal transmission from extracellular domains toward the transmembrane helix bundle of the glycoprotein hormone receptors.—Kleinau, G., Jaeschke, H., Mueller, S., Raaka, B. M., Neumann, S., Paschke, R., Krause, G. Evidence for cooperative signal triggering at the extracellular loops of the TSH receptor.

Key Words: glycoprotein hormone receptors • activation mechanism • signal transduction • endocrinology

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