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,1
* San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy;
Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy;
Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;
Biochemical Institute, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; and
|| Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
2Correspondence: Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy. E-mail: bianchi.marco{at}hsr.it
The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) mediates responses to cell danger and stress. When bound by its many ligands (which include advanced glycation endproducts, certain members of the S100/calgranulin family, extracellular high-mobility group box 1, the integrin Mac-1, amyloid β-peptide and fibrils), RAGE activates programs responsible for acute and chronic inflammation. RAGE is therefore also involved in cancer progression, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. RAGE has several isoforms deriving from alternative splicing, including a soluble form called endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE). We show here that most soluble RAGE, either produced by cell lines or present in human blood, is not recognized by an anti-esRAGE antibody. Cells transfected with the cDNA for full-length RAGE, and thus not expressing esRAGE, produce a form of soluble RAGE, cleaved RAGE (cRAGE) that derives from proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound molecules and acts as a decoy receptor. By screening chemical inhibitors and genetically modified mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we identify the sheddase ADAM10 as a membrane protease responsible for RAGE cleavage. Binding of its ligand HMGB1 promotes RAGE shedding. Our data do not disprove the interpretation that high levels of soluble forms of RAGE protect against chronic inflammation, but rather suggest that they correlate with high levels of ongoing inflammation.—Raucci, A., Cugusi, S., Antonelli, A., Barabino, S. M., Monti, L., Bierhaus, A., Reiss, K., Saftig, P., Bianchi, M. E. A soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound form by the sheddase a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10).
Key Words: cytokines • HMGB1 • inflammation • receptor shedding • atherosclerosis • diabetes
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