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Identification of polymorphisms in the human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene promoter: functional characterization and relevance for salt sensitivity

Rasoul Alikhani-Koupaei^*, Fatemeh Fouladkou^*, Pierre Fustier^*, Bruno Cenni, Arya M. Sharma, Hans-Christian Deter, Brigitte M. Frey^*,1 and Felix J. Frey^*

^* Nephrology and Hypertension and Clinical Research;

Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland;

Canada Research Chair for Cardiovascular Obesity Research and Management, McMaster University, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and

Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin

¹Correspondence: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern-Inselspital, Switzerland. E-mail: brigitte.frey{at}dkf.unibe.ch

Reduced activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) plays a role in essential hypertension and the sensitivity of blood pressure to dietary salt. Nonconservative mutations in the coding region are extremely rare and do not explain the variable 11beta-HSD2 activity. We focused therefore on the 5'-regulatory region and identified and characterized the first promoter polymorphisms. Transfections of variants G-209A and G-126A into SW620 cells reduced promoter activity and affinity for activators nuclear factor 1 (NF1) and Sp1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed Sp1, NF1, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding to the HSD11B2 promoter. Dexamethasone induced expression of mRNA and activity of HSD11B2. GR and/or NF1 overexpression increased endogenous HSD11B2 mRNA and activity. GR complexes cooperated with NF1 to activate HSD11B2, an effect diminished in the presence of the G-209A variant. When compared to salt-resistant subjects (96), salt-sensitive volunteers (54) more frequently had the G-209A variant, higher occurrence of alleles A4/A7 of polymorphic microsatellite marker, and higher urinary ratios of cortisol to cortisone metabolites. First, we conclude that the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced HSD11B2 expression is mainly mediated by cooperation between GR and NF1 on the HSD11B2 promoter and, second, that the newly identified promoter variants reduce activity and cooperation of cognate transcription factors, resulting in diminished HSD11B2 transcription, an effect favoring salt sensitivity.—Alikhani-Koupaei, R., Fouladkou, F., Fustier, P., Cenni, B., Sharma, A. M., Deter, H.-C., Frey, B. M., Frey, F. J. Identification of polymorphisms in the human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene promoter: functional characterization and relevance for salt sensitivity.

Key Words: hypertension • NF1 • glucocorticoid receptor • glucocorticoid responsive element • microsatellite