| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
,1,1,2
* Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; and
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
2Correspondence: Molecular and Genomic Vascular Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3701, Durham, NC 27710, USA. E-mail: victor.dzau{at}duke.edu
We previously reported that intramyocardial injection of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing Akt (Akt-MSCs) inhibits ventricular remodeling and restores cardiac function measured 2 wk after myocardial infarction. Here, we report that the functional improvement occurs in < 72 h. This early remarkable effect cannot be readily attributed to myocardial regeneration from the donor cells. Thus, we hypothesized that paracrine actions exerted by the cells through the release of soluble factors might be important mechanisms of tissue repair and functional improvement after injection of the Akt-MSCs. Indeed, in the current study we demonstrate that conditioned medium from hypoxic Akt-MSCs markedly inhibits hypoxia-induced apoptosis and triggers vigorous spontaneous contraction of adult rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. When injected into infarcted hearts, the Akt-MSC conditioned medium significantly limits infarct size and improves ventricular function relative to controls. Support to the paracrine hypothesis is provided by data showing that several genes, coding for factors (VEGF, FGF-2, HGF, IGF-I, and TB4) that are potential mediators of the effects exerted by the Akt-MSC conditioned medium, are significantly up-regulated in the Akt-MSCs, particularly in response to hypoxia. Taken together, our data support Akt-MSC-mediated paracrine mechanisms of myocardial protection and functional improvement.—Gnecchi, M., He, H., Noiseux, N., Liang, O. D., Zhang, L., Morello, F., Mu, H., Melo, L. G., Pratt, R. E., Ingwall, J. S., Dzau, V. J. Evidence supporting paracrine hypothesis for Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardiac protection and functional improvement.
Key Words: cell therapy • cytoprotection • inotropism • myocardial infarction • secreted factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  X.-L. Tang, G. Rokosh, S. K. Sanganalmath, F. Yuan, H. Sato, J. Mu, S. Dai, C. Li, N. Chen, Y. Peng, et al. Intracoronary Administration of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Alleviates Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Rats With a 30-Day-Old Infarction Circulation, January 19, 2010; 121(2): 293 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. S. Chen, R. C. Lai, M. M. Lee, A. B. H. Choo, C. N. Lee, and S. K. Lim Mesenchymal stem cell secretes microparticles enriched in pre-microRNAs Nucleic Acids Res., January 1, 2010; 38(1): 215 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. van Haaften, R. Byrne, S. Bonnet, G. Y. Rochefort, J. Akabutu, M. Bouchentouf, G. J. Rey-Parra, J. Galipeau, A. Haromy, F. Eaton, et al. Airway Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevents Arrested Alveolar Growth in Neonatal Lung Injury in Rats Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 1, 2009; 180(11): 1131 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Aslam, R. Baveja, O. D. Liang, A. Fernandez-Gonzalez, C. Lee, S. A. Mitsialis, and S. Kourembanas Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Attenuate Lung Injury in a Murine Model of Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 1, 2009; 180(11): 1122 - 1130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Fischer, C. T. Cottage, W. Wu, S. Din, N. A. Gude, D. Avitabile, P. Quijada, B. L. Collins, J. Fransioli, and M. A. Sussman Enhancement of Myocardial Regeneration Through Genetic Engineering of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Expressing Pim-1 Kinase Circulation, November 24, 2009; 120(21): 2077 - 2087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Herrmann, A. M. Abarbanell, B. R. Weil, Y. Wang, M. Wang, J. Tan, and D. R. Meldrum Cell-based therapy for ischemic heart disease: a clinical update. Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 2009; 88(5): 1714 - 1722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Xu, C. Zhang, and A. Khanna Wideband High-Frequency Echocardiography to Evaluate Myocardial Infarct Size J. Ultrasound Med., November 1, 2009; 28(11): 1527 - 1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Fan, C. Lin, S. Zhuo, L. Chen, N. Liu, Y. Luo, J. Fang, Z. Huang, Y. Lin, and J. Chen Transplantation with survivin-engineered mesenchymal stem cells results in better prognosis in a rat model of myocardial infarction Eur J Heart Fail, November 1, 2009; 11(11): 1023 - 1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Wang, B. R. Weil, J. L. Herrmann, A. M. Abarbanell, J. Tan, T. A. Markel, M. L. Kelly, and D. R. Meldrum MEK, p38, and PI-3K mediate cross talk between EGFR and TNFR in enhancing hepatocyte growth factor production from human mesenchymal stem cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): C1284 - C1293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Tang, J. Wang, J. Yang, X. Kong, F. Zheng, L. Guo, L. Zhang, and Y. Huang Mesenchymal stem cells over-expressing SDF-1 promote angiogenesis and improve heart function in experimental myocardial infarction in rats Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., October 1, 2009; 36(4): 644 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. C. Scott, J. M. Rosano, Z. Ivanov, B. Wang, P. L.-G. Chong, A. C. Issekutz, D. L. Crabbe, and M. F. Kiani Targeting VEGF-encapsulated immunoliposomes to MI heart improves vascularity and cardiac function FASEB J, October 1, 2009; 23(10): 3361 - 3367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Gersh, R. D. Simari, A. Behfar, C. M. Terzic, and A. Terzic Cardiac Cell Repair Therapy: A Clinical Perspective Mayo Clin. Proc., October 1, 2009; 84(10): 876 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.-L. Xiang, X. Lu, L. Hammoud, P. Zhu, P. Chidiac, J. Robbins, and Q. Feng Cardiomyocyte-Specific Overexpression of Human Stem Cell Factor Improves Cardiac Function and Survival After Myocardial Infarction in Mice Circulation, September 22, 2009; 120(12): 1065 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Wang, M. N. Jameel, Q. Li, A. Mansoor, X. Qiang, C. Swingen, C. Panetta, and J. Zhang Stem Cells for Myocardial Repair With Use of a Transarterial Catheter Circulation, September 15, 2009; 120(11_suppl_1): S238 - S246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Abarbanell, A. C. Coffey, J. W. Fehrenbacher, D. J. Beckman, J. L. Herrmann, B. Weil, and D. R. Meldrum Proinflammatory cytokine effects on mesenchymal stem cell therapy for the ischemic heart. Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 2009; 88(3): 1036 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Wang, J. Deng, W. Tian, B. Xiang, T. Yang, G. Li, J. Wang, M. Gruwel, T. Kashour, J. Rendell, et al. Adipose-derived stem cells are an effective cell candidate for treatment of heart failure: an MR imaging study of rat hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2009; 297(3): H1020 - H1031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Gavira, E. Nasarre, G. Abizanda, M. Perez-Ilzarbe, A. de Martino-Rodriguez, J. A. Garcia de Jalon, M. Mazo, A. Macias, I. Garcia-Bolao, B. Pelacho, et al. Repeated implantation of skeletal myoblast in a swine model of chronic myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., August 22, 2009; (2009) ehp342v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Shabbir, D. Zisa, G. Suzuki, and T. Lee Heart failure therapy mediated by the trophic activities of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: a noninvasive therapeutic regimen Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2009; 296(6): H1888 - H1897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Chacko, M. Khan, M. L. Kuppusamy, R. P. Pandian, S. Varadharaj, K. Selvendiran, A. Bratasz, B. K. Rivera, and P. Kuppusamy Myocardial oxygenation and functional recovery in infarct rat hearts transplanted with mesenchymal stem cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): H1263 - H1273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Lee, M. A. Stagg, S. Fukushima, G. K. R. Soppa, U. Siedlecka, S. J. Youssef, K. Suzuki, M. H. Yacoub, and C. M. N. Terracciano Adult progenitor cell transplantation influences contractile performance and calcium handling of recipient cardiomyocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): H927 - H936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. N. Zeller, Y. Wang, T. A. Markel, B. Weil, A. Abarbanell, J. L. Herrmann, M. L. Kelly, A. Coffey, and D. R. Meldrum Role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 in sex differences of stem cell mediated cardioprotection. Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2009; 87(3): 812 - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Toma, W. R. Wagner, S. Bowry, A. Schwartz, and F. Villanueva Fate Of Culture-Expanded Mesenchymal Stem Cells in The Microvasculature: In Vivo Observations of Cell Kinetics Circ. Res., February 13, 2009; 104(3): 398 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Angoulvant, S. Fazel, R. D. Weisel, T. Y.Y. Lai, P. W. Fedak, L. Chen, S. Rafati, C. K. Seneviratne, N. Degousee, and R.-K. Li Cell-based gene therapy modifies matrix remodeling after a myocardial infarction in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3-deficient mice. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., February 1, 2009; 137(2): 471 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Okada, T. R. Payne, B. Zheng, H. Oshima, N. Momoi, K. Tobita, B. B. Keller, J. A. Phillippi, B. Peault, and J. Huard Myogenic Endothelial Cells Purified From Human Skeletal Muscle Improve Cardiac Function After Transplantation Into Infarcted Myocardium J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 2, 2008; 52(23): 1869 - 1880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. A. Potapova, S. V. Doronin, D. J. Kelly, A. B. Rosen, A. J. T. Schuldt, Z. Lu, P. V. Kochupura, R. B. Robinson, M. R. Rosen, P. R. Brink, et al. Enhanced recovery of mechanical function in the canine heart by seeding an extracellular matrix patch with mesenchymal stem cells committed to a cardiac lineage Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): H2257 - H2263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gnecchi, Z. Zhang, A. Ni, and V. J. Dzau Paracrine Mechanisms in Adult Stem Cell Signaling and Therapy Circ. Res., November 21, 2008; 103(11): 1204 - 1219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. K. Haider, S. Jiang, N. M. Idris, and M. Ashraf IGF-1-Overexpressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Accelerate Bone Marrow Stem Cell Mobilization via Paracrine Activation of SDF-1{alpha}/CXCR4 Signaling to Promote Myocardial Repair Circ. Res., November 21, 2008; 103(11): 1300 - 1308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Reinecke, E. Minami, W.-Z. Zhu, and M. A. Laflamme Cardiogenic Differentiation and Transdifferentiation of Progenitor Cells Circ. Res., November 7, 2008; 103(10): 1058 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Zeng, H. Chen, C. Zhu, X. Ren, G. Lin, and F. Cao Effects of combined mesenchymal stem cells and heme oxygenase-1 therapy on cardiac performance Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., October 1, 2008; 34(4): 850 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. A. Markel, P. R. Crisostomo, M. Wang, Y. Wang, T. Lahm, N. M. Novotny, J. Tan, and D. R. Meldrum TNFR1 signaling resistance associated with female stem cell cytokine production is independent of TNFR2-mediated pathways Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): R1124 - R1130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. Crisostomo, A. M. Abarbanell, M. Wang, T. Lahm, Y. Wang, and D. R. Meldrum Embryonic stem cells attenuate myocardial dysfunction and inflammation after surgical global ischemia via paracrine actions Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): H1726 - H1735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Coppen, S. Fukushima, Y. Shintani, K. Takahashi, A. Varela-Carver, H. Salem, K. Yashiro, M. H. Yacoub, and K. Suzuki A Factor Underlying Late-Phase Arrhythmogenicity After Cell Therapy to the Heart: Global Downregulation of Connexin43 in the Host Myocardium After Skeletal Myoblast Transplantation Circulation, September 30, 2008; 118(14_suppl_1): S138 - S144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Geske, X. Zhang, K. K. Patel, D. M. Ornitz, and T. S. Stappenbeck Fgf9 signaling regulates small intestinal elongation and mesenchymal development Development, September 1, 2008; 135(17): 2959 - 2968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Derval, L. Barandon, P. Dufourcq, L. Leroux, J.-M. D. Lamaziere, D. Daret, T. Couffinhal, and C. Duplaa Epicardial deposition of endothelial progenitor and mesenchymal stem cells in a coated muscle patch after myocardial infarction in a murine model. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2008; 34(2): 248 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. Singla, R. D. Singla, and D. E. McDonald Factors released from embryonic stem cells inhibit apoptosis in H9c2 cells through PI3K/Akt but not ERK pathway Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): H907 - H913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Burchfield, M. Iwasaki, M. Koyanagi, C. Urbich, N. Rosenthal, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler Interleukin-10 From Transplanted Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Contributes to Cardiac Protection After Myocardial Infarction Circ. Res., July 18, 2008; 103(2): 203 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Penn and A. A. Mangi Genetic Enhancement of Stem Cell Engraftment, Survival, and Efficacy Circ. Res., June 20, 2008; 102(12): 1471 - 1482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mazo, V. Planat-Benard, G. Abizanda, B. Pelacho, B. Leobon, J. J. Gavira, I. Penuelas, A. Cemborain, L. Penicaud, P. Laharrague, et al. Transplantation of adipose derived stromal cells is associated with functional improvement in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction Eur J Heart Fail, May 1, 2008; 10(5): 454 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Kinnaird, E. Stabile, S. Zbinden, M.-S. Burnett, and S. E. Epstein Cardiovascular risk factors impair native collateral development and may impair efficacy of therapeutic interventions Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2008; 78(2): 257 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Au, J. Tam, D. Fukumura, and R. K. Jain Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells facilitate engineering of long-lasting functional vasculature Blood, May 1, 2008; 111(9): 4551 - 4558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Saxena, J. E. Fish, M. D. White, S. Yu, J. W.P. Smyth, R. M. Shaw, J. M. DiMaio, and D. Srivastava Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1{alpha} Is Cardioprotective After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, April 29, 2008; 117(17): 2224 - 2231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Atoui, J.-F. Asenjo, M. Duong, G. Chen, R. C.-J. Chiu, and D. Shum-Tim Marrow Stromal Cells as Universal Donor Cells for Myocardial Regenerative Therapy: Their Unique Immune Tolerance Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2008; 85(2): 571 - 579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lutz, M. Rosenberg, F. Kiessling, V. Eckstein, T. Heger, J. Krebs, A. D. Ho, H. A. Katus, and N. Frey Local injection of stem cell factor (SCF) improves myocardial homing of systemically delivered c-kit + bone marrow-derived stem cells Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2008; 77(1): 143 - 150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. R. Payne, H. Oshima, M. Okada, N. Momoi, K. Tobita, B. B. Keller, H. Peng, and J. Huard A Relationship Between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Angiogenesis, and Cardiac Repair After Muscle Stem Cell Transplantation Into Ischemic Hearts J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 23, 2007; 50(17): 1677 - 1684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Sze, D. P. V. de Kleijn, R. C. Lai, E. Khia Way Tan, H. Zhao, K. S. Yeo, T. Y. Low, Q. Lian, C. N. Lee, W. Mitchell, et al. Elucidating the Secretion Proteome of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mol. Cell. Proteomics, October 1, 2007; 6(10): 1680 - 1689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. A. Markel, P. R. Crisostomo, M. Wang, C. M. Herring, and D. R. Meldrum Activation of individual tumor necrosis factor receptors differentially affects stem cell growth factor and cytokine production Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): G657 - G662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Feygin, A. Mansoor, P. Eckman, C. Swingen, and J. Zhang Functional and bioenergetic modulations in the infarct border zone following autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1772 - H1780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.M. Winter, R.W. Grauss, B. Hogers, J. van Tuyn, R. van der Geest, H. Lie-Venema, R. V. Steijn, S. Maas, M.C. DeRuiter, A.A.F. deVries, et al. Preservation of Left Ventricular Function and Attenuation of Remodeling After Transplantation of Human Epicardium-Derived Cells Into the Infarcted Mouse Heart Circulation, August 21, 2007; 116(8): 917 - 927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Xu, C. R. Woods, A. L. Mora, R. Joodi, K. L. Brigham, S. Iyer, and M. Rojas Prevention of endotoxin-induced systemic response by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in mice Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): L131 - L141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Tateishi, E. Ashihara, N. Takehara, T. Nomura, S. Honsho, T. Nakagami, S. Morikawa, T. Takahashi, T. Ueyama, H. Matsubara, et al. Clonally amplified cardiac stem cells are regulated by Sca-1 signaling for efficient cardiovascular regeneration J. Cell Sci., May 15, 2007; 120(10): 1791 - 1800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Ventura, S. Cantoni, F. Bianchi, V. Lionetti, C. Cavallini, I. Scarlata, L. Foroni, M. Maioli, L. Bonsi, F. Alviano, et al. Hyaluronan Mixed Esters of Butyric and Retinoic Acid Drive Cardiac and Endothelial Fate in Term Placenta Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Enhance Cardiac Repair in Infarcted Rat Hearts J. Biol. Chem., May 11, 2007; 282(19): 14243 - 14252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Togel, K. Weiss, Y. Yang, Z. Hu, P. Zhang, and C. Westenfelder Vasculotropic, paracrine actions of infused mesenchymal stem cells are important to the recovery from acute kidney injury Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): F1626 - F1635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Zeng, Q. Hu, X. Wang, A. Mansoor, J. Lee, J. Feygin, G. Zhang, P. Suntharalingam, S. Boozer, A. Mhashilkar, et al. Bioenergetic and Functional Consequences of Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Progenitor Cell Transplantation in Hearts With Postinfarction Left Ventricular Remodeling Circulation, April 10, 2007; 115(14): 1866 - 1875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Hu, J. Wang, J. Chen, R. Luo, A. He, X. Xie, and J. Li Optimal temporal delivery of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats with myocardial infarction Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 2007; 31(3): 438 - 443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. F. Andrade, A. P. Wong, T. K. Waddell, S. Keshavjee, and M. Liu Cell-based tissue engineering for lung regeneration Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): L510 - L518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H.-C. Ho, C.-H. Chuang, C.-Y. Ho, Y.-R. V. Shih, O. K.-S. Lee, and Y. Su Internalization Is Essential for the Antiapoptotic Effects of Exogenous Thymosin {beta}-4 on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2007; 48(1): 27 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Shiojima and K. Walsh Regulation of cardiac growth and coronary angiogenesis by the Akt/PKB signaling pathway Genes & Dev., December 15, 2006; 20(24): 3347 - 3365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Forrester, P. K. Shah, and R. R. Makkar Myocardial Regeneration by Stem Cells: Seeing the Unseeable J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 17, 2006; 48(8): 1722 - 1724. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Schiekofer, I. Shiojima, K. Sato, G. Galasso, Y. Oshima, and K. Walsh Microarray analysis of Akt1 activation in transgenic mouse hearts reveals transcript expression profiles associated with compensatory hypertrophy and failure Physiol Genomics, October 11, 2006; 27(2): 156 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
