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Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; and
* Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine, CSIC, Granada, Spain
1Correspondence: Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine, CSIC, Avd. Conocimiento, Granada, 18100 Spain. E-mail: mdelgado{at}ipb.csic.es
ABSTRACT
Neuroimmunomodulation has experienced an explosive growth not only in basic research, but expanding to the point that prospective clinical research could be now a reality. A crucial factor for the functioning of this intimate bidirectional network was the demonstration that the immune and neuroendocrine systems speak a mutual biochemical language. This implies 1) production of neuroendocrine hormones and neuropeptides by immune cells and of cytokines by neuroendocrine cells; 2) evidence for shared receptors on cells of the immune and neuroendocrine systems; 3) effect of neuroendocrine mediators on immune functions; and 4) effect of cytokines on the neuroendocrine system. This reduces traditional differences between neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune mediators and raises the following question: what can we now regard as immune or neuroendocrine? Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is one example of this paradigm. VIP has traditionally been classified as a neuropeptide/neurotransmitter based in its capacity to mediate and regulate neuronal functions. Recent work has demonstrated that VIP is produced by T cells, especially Th2 cells, and that through specific receptors it exerts immunological functions typically ascribed to Th2 cytokines in nervous and immune systems. Here, we postulate that instead of a neuropeptide, VIP could be fully considered a type 2 cytokine with a key role in neuroimmunology.—Pozo, D., Delgado, M. The many faces of VIP in neuroimmunology: a cytokine rather a neuropeptide?
Key Words: immune response • autoimmunity • Th cells • vasoactive intestinal peptide
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