| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; and
* Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine, CSIC, Granada, Spain
1Correspondence: Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine, CSIC, Avd. Conocimiento, Granada, 18100 Spain. E-mail: mdelgado{at}ipb.csic.es
ABSTRACT
Neuroimmunomodulation has experienced an explosive growth not only in basic research, but expanding to the point that prospective clinical research could be now a reality. A crucial factor for the functioning of this intimate bidirectional network was the demonstration that the immune and neuroendocrine systems speak a mutual biochemical language. This implies 1) production of neuroendocrine hormones and neuropeptides by immune cells and of cytokines by neuroendocrine cells; 2) evidence for shared receptors on cells of the immune and neuroendocrine systems; 3) effect of neuroendocrine mediators on immune functions; and 4) effect of cytokines on the neuroendocrine system. This reduces traditional differences between neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune mediators and raises the following question: what can we now regard as immune or neuroendocrine? Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is one example of this paradigm. VIP has traditionally been classified as a neuropeptide/neurotransmitter based in its capacity to mediate and regulate neuronal functions. Recent work has demonstrated that VIP is produced by T cells, especially Th2 cells, and that through specific receptors it exerts immunological functions typically ascribed to Th2 cytokines in nervous and immune systems. Here, we postulate that instead of a neuropeptide, VIP could be fully considered a type 2 cytokine with a key role in neuroimmunology.—Pozo, D., Delgado, M. The many faces of VIP in neuroimmunology: a cytokine rather a neuropeptide?
Key Words: immune response • autoimmunity • Th cells • vasoactive intestinal peptide
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  N. Foster, K. Andreadou, L. Jamieson, P.M. Preshaw, and J.J. Taylor VIP Inhibits P. gingivalis LPS-induced IL-18 and IL-18BPa in Monocytes J. Dent. Res., September 1, 2007; 86(9): 883 - 887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. JONSSON, O. NORRGARD, M. HANSSON, and S. FORSGREN Decrease in Binding for the Neuropeptide VIP in Response to Marked Inflammation of the Mucosa in Ulcerative Colitis Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., June 1, 2007; 1107(1): 280 - 289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Bomben, M. Dal Bo, D. Capello, D. Benedetti, D. Marconi, A. Zucchetto, F. Forconi, R. Maffei, E. M. Ghia, L. Laurenti, et al. Comprehensive characterization of IGHV3-21-expressing B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an Italian multicenter study Blood, April 1, 2007; 109(7): 2989 - 2998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Szliter, S. Lighvani, R. P. Barrett, and L. D. Hazlett Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Balances Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Infected Cornea and Protects against Corneal Perforation J. Immunol., January 15, 2007; 178(2): 1105 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Fabricius, M. S. O'Dorisio, S. Blackwell, and B. Jahrsdorfer Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Function: Inhibition of IFN-{alpha} Secretion and Modulation of Immune Phenotype by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide J. Immunol., November 1, 2006; 177(9): 5920 - 5927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Szema, S. A. Hamidi, S. Lyubsky, K. G. Dickman, S. Mathew, T. Abdel-Razek, J. J. Chen, J. A. Waschek, and S. I. Said Mice lacking the VIP gene show airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation, partially reversible by VIP Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): L880 - L886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B M Lodde, B J Baum, P P Tak, and G Illei Experience with experimental biological treatment and local gene therapy in Sjogren's syndrome: implications for exocrine pathogenesis and treatment Ann Rheum Dis, November 1, 2006; 65(11): 1406 - 1413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Roosterman, T. Goerge, S. W. Schneider, N. W. Bunnett, and M. Steinhoff Neuronal control of skin function: the skin as a neuroimmunoendocrine organ. Physiol Rev, October 1, 2006; 86(4): 1309 - 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. HERRERA, R. FERNANDEZ-MONTESINOS, E. GONZALEZ-REY, M. DELGADO, and D. POZO Protective Role for Plasmid DNA-Mediated VIP Gene Transfer in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., July 1, 2006; 1070(1): 337 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. QUINTANA, R. ZALTZMAN, R. FERNANDEZ-MONTESINOS, J. L. HERRERA, I. GOZES, I. R. COHEN, and D. POZO NAP, a Peptide Derived from the Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein, Modulates Macrophage Function Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., July 1, 2006; 1070(1): 500 - 506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Gonzalez-Rey, A. Chorny, A. Fernandez-Martin, D. Ganea, and M. Delgado Vasoactive intestinal peptide generates human tolerogenic dendritic cells that induce CD4 and CD8 regulatory T cells Blood, May 1, 2006; 107(9): 3632 - 3638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Chorny, E. Gonzalez-Rey, A. Fernandez-Martin, D. Ganea, and M. Delgado Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces regulatory dendritic cells that prevent acute graft-versus-host disease while maintaining the graft-versus-tumor response Blood, May 1, 2006; 107(9): 3787 - 3794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Gonzalez-Rey, A. Fernandez-Martin, A. Chorny, J. Martin, D. Pozo, D. Ganea, and M. Delgado Therapeutic Effect of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Down-Regulation of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Responses Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2006; 168(4): 1179 - 1188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. El-Shazly, P. Berger, P.-O. Girodet, O. Ousova, M. Fayon, J.-M. Vernejoux, R. Marthan, and J. M. Tunon-de-Lara Fraktalkine Produced by Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Contributes to Mast Cell Recruitment in Asthma J. Immunol., February 1, 2006; 176(3): 1860 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B M Lodde, F Mineshiba, J Wang, A P Cotrim, S Afione, P P Tak, and B J Baum Effect of human vasoactive intestinal peptide gene transfer in a murine model of Sjogren's syndrome Ann Rheum Dis, February 1, 2006; 65(2): 195 - 200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chorny, E. Gonzalez-Rey, A. Fernandez-Martin, D. Pozo, D. Ganea, and M. Delgado Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces regulatory dendritic cells with therapeutic effects on autoimmune disorders PNAS, September 20, 2005; 102(38): 13562 - 13567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
