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,2
Renal Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
* Pulmonary and Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK;
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M7, Canada;
Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Texas, USA; and

Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
2Correspondence: Department of Biology, Harvard Med. School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. E-mail: Alfred_goldberg{at}hms.harvard.edu
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating response to starvation and many systemic diseases including diabetes, cancer, and renal failure. We had proposed that a common set of transcriptional adaptations underlie the loss of muscle mass in these different states. To test this hypothesis, we used cDNA microarrays to compare the changes in content of specific mRNAs in muscles atrophying from different causes. We compared muscles from fasted mice, from rats with cancer cachexia, streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, uremia induced by subtotal nephrectomy, and from pair-fed control rats. Although the content of >90% of mRNAs did not change, including those for the myofibrillar apparatus, we found a common set of genes (termed atrogins) that were induced or suppressed in muscles in these four catabolic states. Among the strongly induced genes were many involved in protein degradation, including polyubiquitins, Ub fusion proteins, the Ub ligases atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF-1, multiple but not all subunits of the 20S proteasome and its 19S regulator, and cathepsin L. Many genes required for ATP production and late steps in glycolysis were down-regulated, as were many transcripts for extracellular matrix proteins. Some genes not previously implicated in muscle atrophy were dramatically up-regulated (lipin, metallothionein, AMP deaminase, RNA helicase-related protein, TG interacting factor) and several growth-related mRNAs were down-regulated (P311, JUN, IGF-1-BP5). Thus, different types of muscle atrophy share a common transcriptional program that is activated in many systemic diseases.Lecker, S. H., Jagoe, R. T., Gilbert, A., Gomes, M., Baracos, V., Bailey, J., Price, S. R., Mitch, W. E., Goldberg, A. L. Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression.
Key Words: ubiquitinproteasome pathway transcription
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Y. Bdolah, A. Segal, P. Tanksale, S. A. Karumanchi, and S. H. Lecker Atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 are associated with uterine smooth muscle involution in the postpartum period Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): R971 - R976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. C. Marinovic, B. Zheng, W. E. Mitch, and S. R. Price Tissue-specific regulation of ubiquitin (UbC) transcription by glucocorticoids: in vivo and in vitro analyses Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): F660 - F666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. M. Sacheck, J.-P. K. Hyatt, A. Raffaello, R. T. Jagoe, R. R. Roy, V. R. Edgerton, S. H. Lecker, and A. L. Goldberg Rapid disuse and denervation atrophy involve transcriptional changes similar to those of muscle wasting during systemic diseases FASEB J, January 1, 2007; 21(1): 140 - 155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. H. Lang, D. Huber, and R. A. Frost Burn-induced increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 in skeletal muscle is glucocorticoid independent but downregulated by IGF-I Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): R328 - R336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Yang, W. Wei, M. Menconi, and P.-O. Hasselgren Dexamethasone-induced protein degradation in cultured myotubes is p300/HAT dependent Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): R337 - R334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Salem, P. B. Kenney, C. E. Rexroad 3rd, and J. Yao Microarray gene expression analysis in atrophying rainbow trout muscle: a unique nonmammalian muscle degradation model Physiol Genomics, December 13, 2006; 28(1): 33 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. A. C. Ottenheijm, L. M. A. Heunks, Y.-P. Li, B. Jin, R. Minnaard, H. W. H. van Hees, and P. N. R. Dekhuijzen Activation of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in the Diaphragm in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2006; 174(9): 997 - 1002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Sandri, J. Lin, C. Handschin, W. Yang, Z. P. Arany, S. H. Lecker, A. L. Goldberg, and B. M. Spiegelman PGC-1{alpha} protects skeletal muscle from atrophy by suppressing FoxO3 action and atrophy-specific gene transcription PNAS, October 31, 2006; 103(44): 16260 - 16265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M Granado, A I Martin, T Priego, A Lopez-Calderon, and M A Villanua Tumour necrosis factor blockade did not prevent the increase of muscular muscle RING finger-1 and muscle atrophy F-box in arthritic rats. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2006; 191(1): 319 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. L. Urso, A. G. Scrimgeour, Y.-W. Chen, P. D. Thompson, and P. M. Clarkson Analysis of human skeletal muscle after 48 h immobilization reveals alterations in mRNA and protein for extracellular matrix components J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2006; 101(4): 1136 - 1148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Chambellan, P. J. Cruickshank, P. McKenzie, S. B. Cannady, K. Szabo, S. A. A. Comhair, and S. C. Erzurum Gene Expression Profile of Human Airway Epithelium Induced by Hyperoxia In Vivo Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., October 1, 2006; 35(4): 424 - 435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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X. Wang, Z. Hu, J. Hu, J. Du, and W. E. Mitch Insulin Resistance Accelerates Muscle Protein Degradation: Activation of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway by Defects in Muscle Cell Signaling Endocrinology, September 1, 2006; 147(9): 4160 - 4168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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P. Costelli, M. Muscaritoli, M. Bossola, F. Penna, P. Reffo, A. Bonetto, S. Busquets, G. Bonelli, F. J. Lopez-Soriano, G. B. Doglietto, et al. IGF-1 is downregulated in experimental cancer cachexia Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): R674 - R683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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E. Edstrom, M. Altun, M. Hagglund, and B. Ulfhake Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 Are Downregulated in Aging-Related Loss of Skeletal Muscle J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, July 1, 2006; 61(7): 663 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. R. Powell The ubiquitin-proteasome system in cardiac physiology and pathology Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): H1 - H19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. H. Lecker, A. L. Goldberg, and W. E. Mitch Protein Degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in Normal and Disease States J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2006; 17(7): 1807 - 1819. [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. U. Fareed, A. R. Evenson, W. Wei, M. Menconi, V. Poylin, V. Petkova, B. Pignol, and P.-O. Hasselgren Treatment of rats with calpain inhibitors prevents sepsis-induced muscle proteolysis independent of atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 expression Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): R1589 - R1597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. M. Lehti, M. Silvennoinen, R. Kivela, H. Kainulainen, and J. Komulainen Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and physical training on gene expression of extracellular matrix proteins in mouse skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2006; 290(5): E900 - E907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. L. Bailey, B. Zheng, Z. Hu, S. R. Price, and W. E. Mitch Chronic Kidney Disease Causes Defects in Signaling through the Insulin Receptor Substrate/Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway: Implications for Muscle Atrophy J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2006; 17(5): 1388 - 1394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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G. R. Adams and N. D. Vaziri Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic renal failure: effects of exercise Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): F753 - F761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Raffaello, P. Laveder, C. Romualdi, C. Bean, L. Toniolo, E. Germinario, A. Megighian, D. Danieli-Betto, C. Reggiani, and G. Lanfranchi Denervation in murine fast-twitch muscle: short-term physiological changes and temporal expression profiling Physiol Genomics, March 13, 2006; 25(1): 60 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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