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Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, School of Medicine, Chunchon, Kangwon-do, Korea;
* Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Chonbuk, Korea
1Correspondence: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chunchon, Kangwon-do, Korea. E-mail: ymkim{at}kangwon.ac.kr
Nitric oxide (NO) functions not only as an important signaling molecule in the brain by producing cGMP, but also regulates neuronal cell apoptosis. The mechanism by which NO regulates apoptosis is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that NO, produced either from the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP) or by transfection of neuronal NO synthase, suppressed 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by inhibiting mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase-3 and -9 activation, and DNA fragmentation. This protection was significantly reversed by the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalon-1-one, indicating that cGMP is a key mediator in NO-mediated anti-apoptosis. Moreover, the membrane-permeable cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP inhibited 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis. These anti-apoptotic effects of SNAP and 8-Br-cGMP were suppressed by cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor KT5823, indicating that PKG is a downstream signal mediator in the suppression of apoptosis by NO and cGMP. Both SNAP and 8-Br-cGMP induced endogenous Akt activation and Bad phosphorylation, resulting in the inhibition of Bad translocation to mitochondria; these effects were inhibited by KT5823 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors LY294002 and Wortmannin. Our data suggest that the NO/cGMP pathway suppresses 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by suppressing the mitochondrial apoptosis signal via PKG/PI3K/Akt-dependent Bad phosphorylation.—Ha, K.-S., Kim, K. M., Kwon, Y.-G., Bai, S.-K., Nam, W.-D., Yoo, Y.-M., Kim, P. K. M., Chung, H.-T., Billiar, T. R., Kim, Y.-M. Nitric oxide prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through cGMP-dependent PI3 kinase/Akt activation.
Key Words: caspase • mitochondria • cytochrome c • Bad phosphorylation • protein kinase G
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