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B pathway in skeletal muscle during disuse atrophy
Boston University, Department of Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
*
Geneva College, Department of Biology, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, USA
1Correspondence: Boston University, Department of Health Sciences, 635 Commonwealth Ave., Room 443, Boston, MA 02215, USA. E-mail: skandar{at}bu.edu
Although cytokine-induced nuclear factor 
B (NF-B) pathways are involved in muscle wasting subsequent to disease, their potential role in disuse muscle atrophy has not been characterized. Seven days of hind limb unloading led to a 10-fold activation of an NF-B-dependent reporter in rat soleus muscle but not the atrophy-resistant extensor digitorum longus muscle. Nuclear levels of p50 were markedly up-regulated, c-Rel was moderately up-regulated, Rel B was down-regulated, and p52 and p65 were unchanged in unloaded solei. The nuclear IB protein Bcl-3 was increased. There was increased binding to an NF-B consensus oligonucleotide, and this complex bound antibodies to p50, c-Rel, and Bcl-3 but not other NF-B family members. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-
) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 protein were moderately down-regulated. There was no difference in p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase or Akt activity, nor were activator protein 1 or nuclear factor of activated T cell-dependent reporters activated. Thus, whereas several NF-B family members are up-regulated, the prototypical markers of cytokine-induced activation of NF-B seen with disease-related wasting are not evident during disuse atrophy. Levels of an anti-apoptotic NF-B target, Bcl-2, were increased fourfold whereas proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak decreased. The evidence presented here suggests that disuse muscle atrophy is associated with activation of an alternative NF-B pathway that involves the activation of p50 but not p65.—Hunter, R. B., Stevenson, E. J., Koncarevic, A., Mitchell-Felton, H., Essig, D. A., Kandarian, S. C. Activation of an alternative NF-B pathway in skeletal muscle during disuse atrophy.
Key Words: unloading • cytokine • Bcl-2 protein • NF-kappaB p50 • NF-kappaB p65 • Bcl-3 protein
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