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(The FASEB Journal. 2001;15:1169-1180.)
© 2001 FASEB

Inflammatory cytokines inhibit myogenic differentiation through activation of nuclear factor-{kappa}B

RAMON C. J. LANGEN*, ANNEMIE M. W. J. SCHOLS*, MARCO C. J. M. KELDERS*, EMIEL F. M. WOUTERS* and YVONNE M. W. JANSSEN-HEININGER{dagger}1

* Department of Pulmonology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, and
{dagger} Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

1Correspondence: Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Medical Alumni Building A143, Burlington VT 05405, USA. E-mail: yjanssen{at}zoo.uvm.edu

Muscle wasting is often associated with chronic inflammation. Because tumor necrosis factor {alpha} (TNF-{alpha}) has been implicated as a major mediator of cachexia, its effects on C2C12 myocytes were examined. TNF-{alpha} activated nuclear factor-{kappa}B (NF-{kappa}B) and interfered with the expression of muscle proteins in differentiating myoblasts. Introduction of a mutant form of inhibitory protein {kappa}B{alpha} (I{kappa}B{alpha}) restored myogenic differentiation in myoblasts treated with TNF-{alpha} or interleukin 1ß. Conversely, activation of NF-{kappa}B by overexpression of I{kappa}B kinase was sufficient to block myogenesis, illustrating the causal link between NF-{kappa}B activation and inhibition of myogenic differentiation. The inhibitory effects of TNF-{alpha} on myogenic differentiation were reversible, indicating that the effects of the cytokine were not due to nonspecific toxicity. Treatment of differentiated myotubes with TNF-{alpha} did not result in a striking loss of muscle-specific proteins, which shows that myogenesis was selectively affected in the myoblast stage by TNF-{alpha}. An important finding was that NF-{kappa}B was activated to the same extent in differentiating and differentiated cells, illustrating that once myocytes have differentiated they become refractory to the effects of NF-{kappa}B activation. These results demonstrate that inflammatory cytokines may contribute to muscle wasting through the inhibition of myogenic differentiation via a NF-{kappa}B-dependent pathway.—Langen, R. C. J., Schols, A. M. W. J., Kelders, M. C. J. M., Wouters, E. F. M., Janssen-Heininger, Y. M. W. Inflammatory cytokines inhibit myogenic differentiation through activation of nuclear factor-{kappa}B.


Key Words: cachexia • muscle wasting • TNF-{alpha} • NF-{kappa}B • myogenic differentiation




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