| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94121, USA
2Correspondence: Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., MS/15–2B, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1799, USA. E-mail: faggioni{at}amgen.com
Leptin is a 16 kDa protein mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to adipose tissue mass. Originally thought to be a satiety factor, leptin is a pleiotropic molecule. In addition to playing a role in energy regulation, leptin also regulates endocrine and immune functions. Both the structure of leptin and that of its receptor suggest that leptin might be classified as a cytokine. The secondary structure of leptin has similarities to the long-chain helical cytokines family, which includes interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-11, CNTF, and LIF, and the leptin receptor is homologous to the gp-130 signal-transducing subunit of the IL-6-type cytokine receptors. Leptin plays a role in innate and acquired immunity. Leptin levels increase acutely during infection and inflammation, and may represent a protective component of the host response to inflammation. More important, leptin deficiency increases susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory stimuli and is associated with dysregulation of cytokine production. Leptin deficiency also causes a defect in hematopoiesis. Leptin regulates T cells responses, polarizing Th cells toward a Th1 phenotype. Low leptin levels occurring during starvation mediate the neuroendocrine and immune dysfunction of starvation.—Faggioni, R., Feingold, K. R., Grunfeld, C. Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition.
Key Words: starvation • macrophages • lymphocytes • pleiotropic molecule
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  K. Zaralis, B. J. Tolkamp, J. G. M. Houdijk, A. R. G. Wylie, and I. Kyriazakis Changes in food intake and circulating leptin due to gastrointestinal parasitism in lambs of two breeds J Anim Sci, August 1, 2008; 86(8): 1891 - 1903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Ordway, M. Henao-Tamayo, E. Smith, C. Shanley, M. Harton, J. Troudt, X. Bai, R. J. Basaraba, I. M. Orme, and E. D. Chan Animal model of Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2008; 83(6): 1502 - 1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Kumpers, R. Horn, G. Brabant, A. Woywodt, M. Schiffer, H. Haller, and M. Haubitz Serum leptin and ghrelin correlate with disease activity in ANCA-associated vasculitis Rheumatology, April 1, 2008; 47(4): 484 - 487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Djurovic, K. E. Berge, B. Birkenes, O. Braaten, and L. Retterstol The effect of red wine on plasma leptin levels and vasoactive factors from adipose tissue: A randomized crossover trial Alcohol Alcohol., November 1, 2007; 42(6): 525 - 528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bourgeon and T. Raclot Corticosterone selectively decreases humoral immunity in female eiders during incubation J. Exp. Biol., December 15, 2006; 209(24): 4957 - 4965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Mansour, F. G. Pereira, E. P. Araujo, M. E. C. Amaral, J. Morari, N. R. Ferraroni, D. S. Ferreira, I. Lorand-Metze, and L. A. Velloso Leptin Inhibits Apoptosis in Thymus through a Janus Kinase-2-Independent, Insulin Receptor Substrate-1/Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase-Dependent Pathway Endocrinology, November 1, 2006; 147(11): 5470 - 5479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Bruno, P. Chanez, G. Chiappara, L. Siena, S. Giammanco, M. Gjomarkaj, G. Bonsignore, J. Bousquet, and A. M. Vignola Does leptin play a cytokine-like role within the airways of COPD patients? Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2005; 26(3): 398 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. van Lettow, J. W. M. van der Meer, C. E. West, R. van Crevel, and R. D. Semba Interleukin-6 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Load, But Not Plasma Leptin Concentration, Predict Anorexia and Wasting in Adults with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Malawi J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2005; 90(8): 4771 - 4776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C Popa, M G Netea, T R D S Radstake, P L van Riel, P Barrera, and J W M van der Meer Markers of inflammation are negatively correlated with serum leptin in rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis, August 1, 2005; 64(8): 1195 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Li, J.-C. Mamputu, N. Wiernsperger, and G. Renier Signaling Pathways Involved in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression Induced by Leptin: Inhibitory Effect of Metformin Diabetes, July 1, 2005; 54(7): 2227 - 2234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Bruno, S. Conus, I. Schmid, and H.-U. Simon Apoptotic Pathways Are Inhibited by Leptin Receptor Activation in Neutrophils J. Immunol., June 15, 2005; 174(12): 8090 - 8096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Franchimont, S. Roland, T. Gustot, E. Quertinmont, Y. Toubouti, M.-C. Gervy, J. Deviere, and A. Van Gossum Impact of Infliximab on Serum Leptin Levels in Patients with Crohn's Disease J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 3510 - 3516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Chan, S. J. Moschos, J. Bullen, K. Heist, X. Li, Y.-B. Kim, B. B. Kahn, and C. S. Mantzoros Recombinant Methionyl Human Leptin Administration Activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Vivo and Regulates Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Receptor Levels in Humans with Relative Leptin Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1625 - 1631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Reilly, N. Iqbal, M. Schutta, M. L. Wolfe, M. Scally, A. R. Localio, D. J. Rader, and S. E. Kimmel Plasma Leptin Levels Are Associated with Coronary Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2004; 89(8): 3872 - 3878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P Harle, G Pongratz, C Weidler, R Buttner, J Scholmerich, and R H Straub Possible role of leptin in hypoandrogenicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis, July 1, 2004; 63(7): 809 - 816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Hukshorn, J. H. N. Lindeman, K. H. Toet, W. H. M. Saris, P. H. C. Eilers, M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga, and T. Kooistra Leptin and the Proinflammatory State Associated with Human Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1773 - 1778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. D. Dixit, M. Mielenz, D. D. Taub, and N. Parvizi Leptin Induces Growth Hormone Secretion from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells via a Protein Kinase C- and Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanism Endocrinology, December 1, 2003; 144(12): 5595 - 5603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Block, J. M. Smith, R. A. Ehrhardt, M. C. Diaz, R. P. Rhoads, M. E. Van Amburgh, and Y. R. Boisclair Nutritional and Developmental Regulation of Plasma Leptin in Dairy Cattle J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2003; 86(10): 3206 - 3214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Bokarewa, D Bokarew, O Hultgren, and A Tarkowski Leptin consumption in the inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis, October 1, 2003; 62(10): 952 - 956. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Harper, A. T. Galecki, D. T. Burke, S. L. Pinkosky, and R. A. Miller Quantitative trait loci for insulin-like growth factor I, leptin, thyroxine, and corticosterone in genetically heterogeneous mice Physiol Genomics, September 29, 2003; 15(1): 44 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Tomaszewski, F. J. Charchar, M. Przybycin, L. Crawford, A. M. Wallace, K. Gosek, G. D. Lowe, E. Zukowska-Szczechowska, W. Grzeszczak, N. Sattar, et al. Strikingly Low Circulating CRP Concentrations in Ultramarathon Runners Independent of Markers of Adiposity: How Low Can You Go? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2003; 23(9): 1640 - 1644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Halle and P. B. Persson Role of leptin and leptin receptor in inflammation Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): R760 - R762. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Madiehe, T. D. Mitchell, and R. B. S. Harris Hyperleptinemia and reduced TNF-alpha secretion cause resistance of db/db mice to endotoxin Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): R763 - R770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Schwenk, L. Hodgson, C. F. Rayner, G. E Griffin, and D. C Macallan Leptin and energy metabolism in pulmonary tuberculosis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2003; 77(2): 392 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. T. Keusch The History of Nutrition: Malnutrition, Infection and Immunity J. Nutr., January 1, 2003; 133(1): 336S - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
