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RARß involvement in enhancement of lung tumor cell immunogenicity revealed by array analysis

ANDRÉ TOULOUSE^*,1, MARTINE LOUBEAU, JOHANE MORIN^*,, JANE J. PAPPAS^*,, JIANGPING WU^,,§ and W. EDWARD C. BRADLEY^*,,,¶

^* Institut du Cancer de Montreal,
Centre de Recherche du CHUM 1560 Sherbrooke E., Montréal, Qc, H2L 4M1, Canada;
Départment de Médecine, Université de Montréal, and Departments of
^§ Surgery and
^¶ Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Qc, H3G 1Y6, Canada

¹Correspondence: Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Rm. L12–132, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montréal, Canada H3G 1A4. E-mail: mbem{at}musica.mcgill.ca

The retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) are mediators of the multiple effects of retinoic acid. Of these, the retinoic acid receptor ß2 (RARß2) has frequently been shown to be the principal mediator of the growth and tumor suppressive effects of retinoic acid; this gene is inactivated in many epithelial tumors and their derived cell lines. We have searched for genes that are regulated by this isoform and are potentially involved in tumor suppression. Using the Atlas human cDNA array I, we identified 27 genes (not counting RARß itself) that are regulated, directly or indirectly, by RARß2 when it is transfected into Calu-1, a lung tumor-derived line that does not normally express RARß. Several of the affected genes code for proteins whose functions would augment the process of apoptosis and/or the host’s immune response. The latter group included ICAM-1 and MHC class I heavy chain, whose protein products play particularly important roles in the mounting of an effective anti-tumor response. We then confirmed by flow cytometry that the observed increases in message levels were reflected in increased cell surface protein levels for ICAM-1 and MHC class I in RARß2 transfectants of two RARß-deficient lines, Calu-1 and the epidermoid lung cancer-derived line SK-MES. Finally, we showed that RARß2 transfection of Calu-1 cells enhanced the heterologous CTL response in both the induction and the effector phases by up to threefold. These results support the hypothesis that down-regulation of these genes (and possibly others) in RARß-deficient tumor cells contributes to immune system evasion, and suggest a novel therapeutic approach for this disease.—Toulouse, A., Loubeau, M., Morin, Pappas, J. J., Wu, J., Bradley W. E. C. RARß involvement in enhancement of lung tumor cell immunogenicity revealed by array analysis.

Key Words: lung cancer • retinoic acid receptor ß • tumor suppression • cDNA array

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