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* Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1532, USA;
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
1Correspondence: Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706-1532, USA. E-mail: bkkay{at}facstaff.wisc.edu
Acommon focus among molecular and cellular biologists is the identification of proteins that interact with each other. Yeast two-hybrid, cDNA expression library screening, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments are powerful methods for identifying novel proteins that bind to one’s favorite protein for the purpose of learning more regarding its cellular function. These same techniques, coupled with truncation and mutagenesis experiments, have been used to define the region of interaction between pairs of proteins. One conclusion from this work is that many interactions occur over short regions, often less than 10 amino acids in length within one protein. For example, mapping studies and 3-dimensional analyses of antigen–antibody interactions have revealed that epitopes are typically 4–7 residues long (1) . Other examples include protein-interaction modules, such as Src homology (SH) 2 and 3 domains, phosphotyrosine binding domains (PTB), postsynaptic density/disc-large/ZO1 (PDZ) domains, WW domains, Eps15 homology (EH) domains, and 14–3-3 proteins that typically recognize linear regions of 3–9 amino acids. Each of these domains has been the subject of recent reviews published elsewhere (2 3 4 5 6 7) . Among the primary structures of many ligands for protein–protein interactions, the amino acid proline is critical. In particular, SH3, WW, and several new protein-interaction domains prefer ligand sequences that are proline-rich. In addition, even though ligands for EH domains and 14–3-3 domains are not proline-rich, they do include a single proline residue. This review highlights the analysis of those protein–protein interactions that involve proline residues, the biochemistry of proline, and current drug discovery efforts based on proline peptidomimetics.—Kay, B. K., Williamson, M. P., Sudol, M. The importance of being proline: the interaction of proline-rich motifs in signaling proteins with their cognate domains.
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J. C. Ferreon, A. C. M. Ferreon, K. Li, and S. M. Lemon Molecular Determinants of TRIF Proteolysis Mediated by the Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease J. Biol. Chem., May 27, 2005; 280(21): 20483 - 20492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. J. GRAINGER and J. D. BEGGS Prp8 protein: At the heart of the spliceosome RNA, May 1, 2005; 11(5): 533 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Bour, J.-L. Plassat, A. Bauer, S. Lalevee, and C. Rochette-Egly Vinexin {beta} Interacts with the Non-phosphorylated AF-1 Domain of Retinoid Receptor {gamma} (RAR{gamma}) and Represses RAR{gamma}-mediated Transcription J. Biol. Chem., April 29, 2005; 280(17): 17027 - 17037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Wessels, D. Duijsings, R. A. Notebaart, W. J. G. Melchers, and F. J. M. van Kuppeveld A Proline-Rich Region in the Coxsackievirus 3A Protein Is Required for the Protein To Inhibit Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Golgi Transport J. Virol., April 15, 2005; 79(8): 5163 - 5173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Watanabe and E. Lam Two Arabidopsis Metacaspases AtMCP1b and AtMCP2b Are Arginine/Lysine-specific Cysteine Proteases and Activate Apoptosis-like Cell Death in Yeast J. Biol. Chem., April 15, 2005; 280(15): 14691 - 14699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. I. Akbarali Signal-Transduction Pathways that Regulate Smooth Muscle Function II. Receptor-ion channel coupling mechanisms in gastrointestinal smooth muscle Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): G598 - G602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Srinivasan, D. Lu, R. Eri, D. D. Brand, A. Haque, and J. S. Blum CD80 Binding Polyproline Helical Peptide Inhibits T Cell Activation J. Biol. Chem., March 18, 2005; 280(11): 10149 - 10155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Zhu, K. Fujii, N. Belkina, Y. Liu, M. James, J. Herrero, and S. Shaw Exceptional Disfavor for Proline at the P+1 Position among AGC and CAMK Kinases Establishes Reciprocal Specificity between Them and the Proline-directed Kinases J. Biol. Chem., March 18, 2005; 280(11): 10743 - 10748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Winters and P. M. Pryciak Interaction with the SH3 Domain Protein Bem1 Regulates Signaling by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae p21-Activated Kinase Ste20 Mol. Cell. Biol., March 15, 2005; 25(6): 2177 - 2190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Q. Y. Zheng, D. Yan, X. M. Ouyang, L. L. Du, H. Yu, B. Chang, K. R. Johnson, and X. Z. Liu Digenic inheritance of deafness caused by mutations in genes encoding cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 in mice and humans Hum. Mol. Genet., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 103 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pekkala, R. Hieta, U. Bergmann, K. I. Kivirikko, R. K. Wierenga, and J. Myllyharju The Peptide-Substrate-binding Domain of Collagen Prolyl 4-Hydroxylases Is a Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain with Functional Aromatic Residues J. Biol. Chem., December 10, 2004; 279(50): 52255 - 52261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Gan, Z. Ma, N. Deng, J. Wang, J. Ding, and L. Li Involvement of the C-terminal Proline-rich Motif of G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinases in Recognition of Activated Rhodopsin J. Biol. Chem., November 26, 2004; 279(48): 49741 - 49746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. K. Peterman, Y. M. Ohol, L. J. McReynolds, and E. J. Luna Patellin1, a Novel Sec14-Like Protein, Localizes to the Cell Plate and Binds Phosphoinositides Plant Physiology, October 1, 2004; 136(2): 3080 - 3094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Perez-Villamil, M. Mirasierra, and M. Vallejo The Homeoprotein Alx3 Contains Discrete Functional Domains and Exhibits Cell-specific and Selective Monomeric Binding and Transactivation J. Biol. Chem., September 3, 2004; 279(36): 38062 - 38071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. B. Seifert, A. S. Bleiweis, and L. J. Brady Contribution of the Alanine-Rich Region of Streptococcus mutans P1 to Antigenicity, Surface Expression, and Interaction with the Proline-Rich Repeat Domain Infect. Immun., August 1, 2004; 72(8): 4699 - 4706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Kato, K. Nagata, M. Takahashi, L. Lian, J. J. Herrero, M. Sudol, and M. Tanokura Common Mechanism of Ligand Recognition by Group II/III WW Domains: REDEFINING THEIR FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION J. Biol. Chem., July 23, 2004; 279(30): 31833 - 31841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Bacon, R. A. Eagle, M. Meyer, N. Easom, N. T. Young, and J. Trowsdale Two Human ULBP/RAET1 Molecules with Transmembrane Regions Are Ligands for NKG2D J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 1078 - 1084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Johannesson, P. Vidal, J. Guarro, R. A. Herr, G. T. Cole, and J. W. Taylor Positive Directional Selection in the Proline-Rich Antigen (PRA) Gene Among the Human Pathogenic Fungi Coccidioides immitis, C. posadasii and Their Closest Relatives Mol. Biol. Evol., June 1, 2004; 21(6): 1134 - 1145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Cocchi, D. Fusco, L. Menotti, T. Gianni, R. J. Eisenberg, G. H. Cohen, and G. Campadelli-Fiume The soluble ectodomain of herpes simplex virus gD contains a membrane-proximal pro-fusion domain and suffices to mediate virus entry PNAS, May 11, 2004; 101(19): 7445 - 7450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. B. Reuven, S. Antoku, and S. K. Weller The UL12.5 Gene Product of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Exhibits Nuclease and Strand Exchange Activities but Does Not Localize to the Nucleus J. Virol., May 1, 2004; 78(9): 4599 - 4608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Barletta, C.-W. Wong, C. McNally, B. S. Komm, B. Katzenellenbogen, and B. J. Cheskis Characterization of the Interactions of Estrogen Receptor and MNAR in the Activation of cSrc Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2004; 18(5): 1096 - 1108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Suico, H. Yoshida, Y. Seki, T. Uchikawa, Z. Lu, T. Shuto, K. Matsuzaki, M. Nakao, J.-D. Li, and H. Kai Myeloid Elf-1-like Factor, an ETS Transcription Factor, Up-regulates Lysozyme Transcription in Epithelial Cells through Interaction with Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein J. Biol. Chem., April 30, 2004; 279(18): 19091 - 19098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Cui, Y.-C. Liao, and S. H. Lo Epidermal Growth Factor Modulates Tyrosine Phosphorylation of a Novel Tensin Family Member, Tensin3 Mol. Cancer Res., April 1, 2004; 2(4): 225 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. I.S. MacDonald, C. J. Kubu, and S. O. Meakin Nesca, a novel adapter, translocates to the nuclear envelope and regulates neurotrophin-induced neurite outgrowth J. Cell Biol., March 15, 2004; 164(6): 851 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Dinneny, R. Yadegari, R. L. Fischer, M. F. Yanofsky, and D. Weigel The role of JAGGED in shaping lateral organs Development, March 1, 2004; 131(5): 1101 - 1110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Ravi Chandra, R. Gowthaman, R. Raj Akhouri, D. Gupta, and A. Sharma Distribution of proline-rich (PxxP) motifs in distinct proteomes: functional and therapeutic implications for malaria and tuberculosis Protein Eng. Des. Sel., February 1, 2004; 17(2): 175 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Nagasaki and T. Q.P. Uyeda DWWA, a Novel Protein Containing Two WW Domains and an IQ Motif, Is Required for Scission of the Residual Cytoplasmic Bridge during Cytokinesis in Dictyostelium Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2004; 15(2): 435 - 446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Alvarez, C. A. Buscaglia, and O. Campetella Improving Protein Pharmacokinetics by Genetic Fusion to Simple Amino Acid Sequences J. Biol. Chem., January 30, 2004; 279(5): 3375 - 3381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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