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(The FASEB Journal. 1999;13:1073-1081.)
© 1999 FASEB

The vitamin D receptor binds in a transcriptionally inactive form and without a defined polarity on a retinoic acid response element

ANA MARIA JIMENEZ-LARA and ANA ARANDA1

Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain

1Correspondence: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Arturo Duperier 4, 29029 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: aaranda{at}iib.uam.es

Heterodimers of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) bind in a transcriptionally unproductive manner to the retinoic acid response element present in the retinoic acid receptor-ß2 promoter. This element is composed of a direct repeat (DR) of the sequence PuGTTCA spaced by five nucleotides. However, the same sequence separated by three nucleotides (DR3) acts as a strong vitamin D response element. Here we show that the polarity of binding of the heterodimers to the DR3 was 5'-RXR-VDR-3', whereas on the DR5, both heterodimeric partners bind indistinctly to the 5' or 3' hemi-sites. These results suggest that the response elements can allosterically regulate the conformation of the receptors to determine positive or negative regulation of gene expression. Despite the altered polarity, the DR5-bound heterodimer was able to recruit the nuclear receptor coactivator ACTR in a vitamin D-dependent fashion. Furthermore, binding of the corepressor SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors) to the RXR/VDR heterodimer on a DR5 was not observed. Binding of RXR/VDR heterodimers to DRs with different transcriptional outcomes may generate selectivity and provide a greater complexity and flexibility to the vitamin D responses.—Jimenez-Lara, A. M., Aranda, A. The vitamin D receptor binds in a transcriptionally inactive form and without a defined polarity on a retinoic acid response element.


Key Words: retinoid receptor • half-site • heterodimer • retinoid X receptor




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