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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 USA;
FibroGen, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA; and
* Cleveland Clinic Florida, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33309, USA
2Correspondence: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine (R-124), 1600 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, USA. E-mail: ggrotend{at}mednet.med.miami.edu
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a cysteine-rich peptide synthesized and secreted by fibroblastic cells after activation with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) that acts as a downstream mediator of TGF-ß-induced fibroblast proliferation. We performed in vitro and in vivo studies to determine whether CTGF is also essential for TGF-ß-induced fibroblast collagen synthesis. In vitro studies with normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts demonstrated CTGF potently induces collagen synthesis and transfection with an antisense CTGF gene blocked TGF-ß stimulated collagen synthesis. Moreover, TGF-ß-induced collagen synthesis in both NRK and human foreskin fibroblasts was effectively blocked with specific anti-CTGF antibodies and by suppressing TGF-ß-induced CTGF gene expression by elevating intracellular cAMP levels with either membrane-permeable 8-Br-cAMP or an adenylyl cyclase activator, cholera toxin (CTX). cAMP also inhibited collagen synthesis induced by CTGF itself, in contrast to its previously reported lack of effect on CTGF-induced DNA synthesis. In animal assays, CTX injected intradermally in transgenic mice suppressed TGF-ß activation of a human CTGF promoter/lacZ reporter transgene. Both 8-Br-cAMP and CTX blocked TGF-ß-induced collagen deposition in a wound chamber model of fibrosis in rats. CTX also reduced dermal granulation tissue fibroblast population increases induced by TGF-ß in neonatal mice, but not increases induced by CTGF or TGF-ß combined with CTGF. Our data indicate that CTGF mediates TGF-ß-induced fibroblast collagen synthesis and that in vivo blockade of CTGF synthesis or action reduces TGF-ß-induced granulation tissue formation by inhibiting both collagen synthesis and fibroblast accumulation.—Duncan, M. R., Frazier, K. S. Abramson, S., Williams, S., Klapper, H., Huang, X., Grotendorst, G. R. Connective tissue growth factor mediates transforming growth factor ß-induced collagen synthesis: down-regulation by cAMP.
Key Words: fibrosis • wound repair • granulation tissue • cholera toxin • transgenic
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E. Gore-Hyer, D. Shegogue, M. Markiewicz, S. Lo, D. Hazen-Martin, E. L. Greene, G. Grotendorst, and M. Trojanowska TGF-beta and CTGF have overlapping and distinct fibrogenic effects on human renal cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): F707 - F716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. R. Harlow, L. Davidson, K. H. Burns, C. Yan, M. M. Matzuk, and S. G. Hillier FSH and TGF-{beta} Superfamily Members Regulate Granulosa Cell Connective Tissue Growth Factor Gene Expression in Vitro and in Vivo Endocrinology, September 1, 2002; 143(9): 3316 - 3325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. G. Crystal, P. B. Bitterman, B. Mossman, M. I. Schwarz, D. Sheppard, L. Almasy, H. A. Chapman, S. L. Friedman, T. E. King Jr., L. A. Leinwand, et al. Future Research Directions in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Summary of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 15, 2002; 166(2): 236 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Matsuoka, T. Arai, M. Mori, S. Goya, H. Kida, H. Morishita, H. Fujiwara, I. Tachibana, T. Osaki, and S. Hayashi A p38 MAPK inhibitor, FR-167653, ameliorates murine bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): L103 - L112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Q H Song, V E Klepeis, M A Nugent, and V Trinkaus-Randall TGF-{beta}1 regulates TGF-{beta}1 and FGF-2 mRNA expression during fibroblast wound healing Mol. Pathol., June 1, 2002; 55(3): 164 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E E-D A Moussad, M A E Rageh, A K Wilson, R D Geisert, and D R Brigstock Temporal and spatial expression of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2; CTGF) and transforming growth factor {beta} type 1 (TGF-{beta}1) at the utero-placental interface during early pregnancy in the pig Mol. Pathol., June 1, 2002; 55(3): 186 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Yokoi, M. Mukoyama, A. Sugawara, K. Mori, T. Nagae, H. Makino, T. Suganami, K. Yahata, Y. Fujinaga, I. Tanaka, et al. Role of connective tissue growth factor in fibronectin expression and tubulointerstitial fibrosis Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2002; 282(5): F933 - F942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Twigg, A. H. Joly, M. M. Chen, J. Tsubaki, H.-S. Kim, V. Hwa, Y. Oh, and R. G. Rosenfeld Connective Tissue Growth Factor/IGF-Binding Protein-Related Protein-2 Is a Mediator in the Induction of Fibronectin by Advanced Glycosylation End-Products in Human Dermal Fibroblasts Endocrinology, April 1, 2002; 143(4): 1260 - 1269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Liu, V.-M. Kosma, T. Vanttinen, C. Hyden-Granskog, and R. Voutilainen Gonadotrophins inhibit the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein-2 mRNA in cultured human granulosa-luteal cells Mol. Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2002; 8(2): 136 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Davidson Smad about Elastin Regulation Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., February 1, 2002; 26(2): 164 - 166. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C Raetsch, J D Jia, G Boigk, M Bauer, E G Hahn, E-O Riecken, and D Schuppan Pentoxifylline downregulates profibrogenic cytokines and procollagen I expression in rat secondary biliary fibrosis Gut, February 1, 2002; 50(2): 241 - 247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Mason, H.-P. Xu, S. K. Rao, A. Leask, M. Barcia, J. Shan, R. Stephenson, and S. Tabibzadeh Lefty Contributes to the Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix by Inhibition of Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Collagen mRNA Expression and Increased Proteolytic Activity in a Fibrosarcoma Model J. Biol. Chem., January 4, 2002; 277(1): 407 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C.-C. Chen, F.-E Mo, and L. F. Lau The Angiogenic Factor Cyr61 Activates a Genetic Program for Wound Healing in Human Skin Fibroblasts J. Biol. Chem., December 7, 2001; 276(50): 47329 - 47337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Folger, D. Zekaria, G. Grotendorst, and S. K. Masur Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}-Stimulated Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression during Corneal Myofibroblast Differentiation Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2001; 42(11): 2534 - 2541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. HEUSINGER-RIBEIRO, M. EBERLEIN, N. A. WAHAB, and M. GOPPELT-STRUEBE Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Human Renal Fibroblasts: Regulatory Roles of RhoA and cAMP J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2001; 12(9): 1853 - 1861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. E. Blom, A. J. van Dijk, L. Wieten, K. Duran, Y. Ito, L. Kleij, M. deNichilo, T. J. Rabelink, J. J. Weening, J. Aten, et al. In vitro evidence for differential involvement of CTGF, TGF{beta}, and PDGF-BB in mesangial response to injury Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2001; 16(6): 1139 - 1148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A Leask, S Sa, A Holmes, X Shiwen, C M Black, and D J Abraham The control of ccn2 (ctgf) gene expression in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts Mol. Pathol., June 1, 2001; 54(3): 180 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. M. Twigg, M. M. Chen, A. H. Joly, S. D. Chakrapani, J. Tsubaki, H.-S. Kim, Y. Oh, and R. G. Rosenfeld Advanced Glycosylation End Products Up-Regulate Connective Tissue Growth Factor (Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-Related Protein 2) in Human Fibroblasts: A Potential Mechanism for Expansion of Extracellular Matrix in Diabetes Mellitus Endocrinology, May 1, 2001; 142(5): 1760 - 1769. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 D. G. Peters, A. B. Kassam, E. Feingold, E. Heidrich-O'Hare, H. Yonas, R. E. Ferrell, and A. Brufsky Molecular Anatomy of an Intracranial Aneurysm : Coordinated Expression of Genes Involved in Wound Healing and Tissue Remodeling Stroke, April 1, 2001; 32(4): 1036 - 1042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Sedlaczek, J.-D. Jia, M. Bauer, H. Herbst, M. Ruehl, E. G. Hahn, and D. Schuppan Proliferating Bile Duct Epithelial Cells Are a Major Source of Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Rat Biliary Fibrosis Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2001; 158(4): 1239 - 1244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. B. Slee, S. G. Hillier, P. Largue, C. R. Harlow, G. Miele, and M. Clinton Differentiation-Dependent Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Lysyl Oxidase Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in Rat Granulosa Cells Endocrinology, March 1, 2001; 142(3): 1082 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. ITO, R. GOLDSCHMEDING, R. J. BENDE, N. CLAESSEN, M. A. CHAND, L. KLEIJ, T. J. RABELINK, J. J. WEENING, and J. ATEN Kinetics of Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression during Experimental Proliferative Glomerulonephritis J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2001; 12(3): 472 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. R. Grotendorst, L. F. Lau, and B. Perbal CCN Proteins Are Distinct from, and Should Not Be Considered Members of, the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein Superfamily J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 944 - 945. [Full Text]
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M. Lohr, C. Schmidt, J. Ringel, M. Kluth, P. Muller, H. Nizze, and R. Jesnowski Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Induces Desmoplasia in an Experimental Model of Human Pancreatic Carcinoma Cancer Res., January 1, 2001; 61(2): 550 - 555. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. D. Ellis, Q. Chen, P. J. Barker, J. C. Metcalfe, and P. R. Kemp Nov Gene Encodes Adhesion Factor for Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Is Dynamically Regulated in Response to Vascular Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2000; 20(8): 1912 - 1919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. S. Frazier, A. Paredes, P. Dube, and E. Styer Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression in the Rat Remnant Kidney Model and Association with Tubular Epithelial Cells Undergoing Transdifferentiation Veterinary Pathology, July 1, 2000; 37(4): 328 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. R. Grotendorst, L. F. Lau, and B. Perbal CCN Proteins Are Distinct from and Should Not Be Considered Members of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein Superfamily Endocrinology, June 1, 2000; 141(6): 2254 - 2256. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Hahn, J. Heusinger-Ribeiro, T. Lanz, S. Zenkel, and M. Goppelt-Struebe Induction of Connective Tissue Growth Factor by Activation of Heptahelical Receptors. MODULATION BY Rho PROTEINS AND THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 2000; 275(48): 37429 - 37435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. C. Chambers, P. Leoni, O. P. Blanc-Brude, D. E. Wembridge, and G. J. Laurent Thrombin Is a Potent Inducer of Connective Tissue Growth Factor Production via Proteolytic Activation of Protease-activated Receptor-1 J. Biol. Chem., November 3, 2000; 275(45): 35584 - 35591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-C. Chen, N. Chen, and L. F. Lau The Angiogenic Factors Cyr61 and Connective Tissue Growth Factor Induce Adhesive Signaling in Primary Human Skin Fibroblasts J. Biol. Chem., March 23, 2001; 276(13): 10443 - 10452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Holmes, D. J. Abraham, S. Sa, X. Shiwen, C. M. Black, and A. Leask CTGF and SMADs, Maintenance of Scleroderma Phenotype Is Independent of SMAD Signaling J. Biol. Chem., March 30, 2001; 276(14): 10594 - 10601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Ulloa and S. Tabibzadeh Lefty Inhibits Receptor-regulated Smad Phosphorylation Induced by the Activated Transforming Growth Factor-beta Receptor J. Biol. Chem., June 8, 2001; 276(24): 21397 - 21404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. C. FRANCIS, M. K. RAIZADA, A. A. MANGI, L. G. MELO, V. J. DZAU, P. R. VALE, J. M. ISNER, D. W. LOSORDO, J. CHAO, M. J. KATOVICH, et al. Genetic targeting for cardiovascular therapeutics: are we near the summit or just beginning the climb? Physiol Genomics, December 21, 2001; 7(2): 79 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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