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USC Liver Disease Research Center, the Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
1Correspondence: HMR Rm. 415, Department of Medicine, USC School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. E-mail: shellylu{at}hsc.usc.edu
Glutathione (GSH) is an important intracellular peptide with multiple
functions ranging from antioxidant defense to modulation of cell
proliferation. GSH is synthesized in the cytosol of all mammalian cells
in a tightly regulated manner. The major determinants of GSH synthesis
are the availability of cysteine, the sulfur amino acid precursor, and
the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, 
-glutamylcysteine
synthetase (GCS). In the liver, major factors that determine the
availability of cysteine are diet, membrane transport activities of the
three sulfur amino acids cysteine, cystine and methionine, and the
conversion of methionine to cysteine via the
trans-sulfuration pathway. Many conditions alter GSH
level via changes in GCS activity and GCS gene expression. These
include oxidative stress, activators of Phase II detoxifying enzymes,
antioxidants, drug-resistant tumor cell lines, hormones, cell
proliferation, and diabetes mellitus. Since the molecular cloning of
GCS, much has been learned about the regulation of this enzyme. Both
transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms modulate the
activity of this critical cellular enzyme.—Lu, S. C. Regulation
of hepatic glutathione synthesis: current concepts and controversies.
Key Words: -glutamylcysteine synthetase • cysteine availability • detoxification • antioxidant
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