Cell penetration by transportan

^a Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
^b Estonian Biocentre, EE-2400, Tartu, Estonia
^c Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Transportan is a 27 amino acid-long peptide containing 12 functional amino acids from the amino terminus of the neuropeptide galanin and mastoparan in the carboxyl terminus, connected via a lysine. Transportan is a cell-penetrating peptide as judged by indirect immunofluorescence using N¹³-biotinyl-transportan. The internalization of biotinyl-transportan is energy independent and takes place efficiently at 37°, 4°, and 0°C. Cellular uptake of transportan is probably not mediated by endocytosis, since it cannot be blocked by treating the cells with phenylarsine oxide or hyperosmolar sucrose solution and is nonsaturable. The kinetics of internalization was studied with the aid of the ¹²⁵I-labeled peptide. At 37°C, the maximal intracellular concentration is reached in about 20 min. The internalized transportan is protected from trypsin. The cell-penetrating ability of transportan is not restricted by cell type, but seems to be a general feature of this peptide. In Bowes' melanoma cells, transportan first localizes in the outer membrane and cytoplasmatic membrane structures. This is followed by a redistribution into the nuclear membrane and uptake into the nuclei where transportan concentrates in distinct substructures, probably the nucleoli.—Pooga, M., Hällbrink, M., Zorko, M., Langel, Ü. Cell penetration of transportan FASEB J. 12, 67–77 (1998)

Key Words: peptide synthesis • Bowes' melanoma cells • endocytosis • GTPase activity

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