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a Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 943055332, USA
b Departments of Neurology and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Program in Neuroscience, and Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110, USA
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes comprise a family of related enzymes. There are only limited differences between these isozymes in substrate specificity or sensitivity to activators. However, there are multiple isozymes within a cell mediating isozyme-specific functions. Differential subcellular localization has been proposed to explain this specificity. When members of the PKC family are activated by lipid-derived second messengers, they translocate from one cell compartment to another. Isozyme specificity appears to be mediated in part by association of each PKC isozyme with specific anchoring proteins. This review will cover the proteins involved in the anchoring of PKC isozymes at specific subcellular sites, the domains in the PKC isozymes that mediate proteinprotein interaction with isozyme-specific anchoring proteins, and identification of peptides that interfere with or promote these proteinprotein interactions, thus altering the localization and function of individual isozymes.Mochly-Rosen, D., Gordon, A. S. Anchoring proteins for protein kinase C: a means for isozyme selectivity. FASEB J. 12, 3542 (1998)
Key Words: PKC RACK RICK localization
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R. V. Stahelin, J. D. Rafter, S. Das, and W. Cho The Molecular Basis of Differential Subcellular Localization of C2 Domains of Protein Kinase C-alpha and Group IVa Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 J. Biol. Chem., March 28, 2003; 278(14): 12452 - 12460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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E. J. Nelson, K. Hellevuo, M. Yoshimura, and B. Tabakoff Ethanol-induced Phosphorylation and Potentiation of the Activity of Type 7 Adenylyl Cyclase. INVOLVEMENT OF PROTEIN KINASE C delta J. Biol. Chem., February 7, 2003; 278(7): 4552 - 4560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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I. Junttila, R. P. Bourette, L. R. Rohrschneider, and O. Silvennoinen M-CSF induced differentiation of myeloid precursor cells involves activation of PKC-{delta} and expression of Pkare J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2003; 73(2): 281 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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E. A. Cox, D. Bennin, A. T. Doan, T. O'Toole, and A. Huttenlocher RACK1 Regulates Integrin-mediated Adhesion, Protrusion, and Chemotactic Cell Migration via Its Src-binding Site Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2003; 14(2): 658 - 669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Guo, M. H. Wu, F. Korompai, and S. Y. Yuan Upregulation of PKC genes and isozymes in cardiovascular tissues during early stages of experimental diabetes Physiol Genomics, January 15, 2003; 12(2): 139 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. T. Waldron and E. Rozengurt Protein Kinase C Phosphorylates Protein Kinase D Activation Loop Ser744 and Ser748 and Releases Autoinhibition by the Pleckstrin Homology Domain J. Biol. Chem., January 3, 2003; 278(1): 154 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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E. C. Larsen, T. Ueyama, P. M. Brannock, Y. Shirai, N. Saito, C. Larsson, D. Loegering, P. B. Weber, and M. R. Lennartz A role for PKC-{varepsilon} in Fc{gamma}R-mediated phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 cells J. Cell Biol., December 23, 2002; 159(6): 939 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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E. J. Dell, J. Connor, S. Chen, E. G. Stebbins, N. P. Skiba, D. Mochly-Rosen, and H. E. Hamm The beta gamma Subunit of Heterotrimeric G Proteins Interacts with RACK1 and Two Other WD Repeat Proteins J. Biol. Chem., December 13, 2002; 277(51): 49888 - 49895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Zhong, G.-X. Wang, W. J. Hatton, I. A. Yamboliev, M. P. Walsh, and J. R. Hume Regulation of volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channels in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells by PKC Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): C1627 - C1636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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I. Korichneva, B. Hoyos, R. Chua, E. Levi, and U. Hammerling Zinc Release from Protein Kinase C as the Common Event during Activation by Lipid Second Messenger or Reactive Oxygen J. Biol. Chem., November 8, 2002; 277(46): 44327 - 44331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. E. Tcherkasowa, S. Adam-Klages, M.-L. Kruse, K. Wiegmann, S. Mathieu, W. Kolanus, M. Kronke, and D. Adam Interaction with Factor Associated with Neutral Sphingomyelinase Activation, a WD Motif-Containing Protein, Identifies Receptor for Activated C-Kinase 1 as a Novel Component of the Signaling Pathways of the p55 TNF Receptor J. Immunol., November 1, 2002; 169(9): 5161 - 5170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. C. Todt, B. Hu, A. Punturieri, J. Sonstein, T. Polak, and J. L. Curtis Activation of Protein Kinase C beta II by the Stereo-specific Phosphatidylserine Receptor Is Required for Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Thymocytes by Resident Murine Tissue Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., September 20, 2002; 277(39): 35906 - 35914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. T. Budnik and A. K. Mukhopadhyay Lysophosphatidic Acid-Induced Nuclear Localization of Protein Kinase C {delta} in Bovine Theca Cells Stimulated with Luteinizing Hormone Biol Reprod, September 1, 2002; 67(3): 935 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Wolfrum, K. Schneider, M. Heidbreder, J. Nienstedt, P. Dominiak, and A. Dendorfer Remote preconditioning protects the heart by activating myocardial PKC{epsilon}-isoform Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 583 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. T Saurin, D. J Pennington, N. J.H Raat, D. S Latchman, M. J Owen, and M. S Marber Targeted disruption of the protein kinase C epsilon gene abolishes the infarct size reduction that follows ischaemic preconditioning of isolated buffer-perfused mouse hearts Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 672 - 680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. K. Strair, D. Schaar, L. Goodell, J. Aisner, K.-V. Chin, J. Eid, R. Senzon, X. X. Cui, Z. T. Han, B. Knox, et al. Administration of a Phorbol Ester to Patients with Hematological Malignancies: Preliminary Results from a Phase I Clinical Trial of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2002; 8(8): 2512 - 2518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Tardif, M. Savard, L. Flamand, and J. Gosselin Impaired Protein Kinase C Activation/Translocation in Epstein-Barr Virus-infected Monocytes J. Biol. Chem., June 28, 2002; 277(27): 24148 - 24154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Leitges, K. Gimborn, W. Elis, J. Kalesnikoff, M. R. Hughes, G. Krystal, and M. Huber Protein Kinase C-{delta} Is a Negative Regulator of Antigen-Induced Mast Cell Degranulation Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2002; 22(12): 3970 - 3980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. M. Liedtke, C. H. C. Yun, N. Kyle, and D. Wang Protein Kinase Cepsilon -dependent Regulation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Involves Binding to a Receptor for Activated C Kinase (RACK1) and RACK1 Binding to Na+/H+ Exchange Regulatory Factor J. Biol. Chem., June 14, 2002; 277(25): 22925 - 22933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Besson, T. L. Wilson, and V. W. Yong The Anchoring Protein RACK1 Links Protein Kinase Cepsilon to Integrin beta Chains. REQUIREMENT FOR ADHESION AND MOTILITY J. Biol. Chem., June 7, 2002; 277(24): 22073 - 22084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. I. Whiteside and J. A. Dlugosz Mesangial cell protein kinase C isozyme activation in the diabetic milieu Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): F975 - F980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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B. Hendey, C. L. Zhu, and S. Greenstein Fas activation opposes PMA-stimulated changes in the localization of PKC{delta}: a mechanism for reducing neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2002; 71(5): 863 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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