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The FASEB Journal, Vol 11, 887-895, Copyright © 1997 by The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS |
A von Knethen and B Brune
University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine IV-Experimental Division, Erlangen, Germany.
Lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma up-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase and caused nitric oxide generation and concomitant apoptotic cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Exogenously supplied nitric oxide donors such as S-nitrosoglutathione produced equivalent alterations. Preactivation of macrophages with a combination of lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma under conditions of blocked NO synthase--N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine addition--or stimulation with a low, nondestructive dose of S-nitrosoglutathione conferred protection against high and thus apoptotic NO concentrations. Here we report that induction of cyclooxygenase-2 during the preactivation period is a critical regulator of macrophage apoptosis. Under resting conditions, macrophages do not express cyclooxygenase-2, whereas lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma/N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine prestimulation for 12-15 h caused protein expression. In parallel, preactivation of RAW cells with a low, nontoxic dose of S- nitrosoglutathione promoted protection and cyclooxygenase-2 up- regulation. To prove cyclooxygenase-2 involvement during protection, we stably transfected RAW 264.7 macrophages with a rat cyclooxygenase-2 expression vector. Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpressing macrophages, preactivated with the calcium liberating and thus phopholipase A2- activating agent A23187, revealed protection against exogenously supplied NO. Protection afforded by lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma/N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine prestimulation was completely reversed by the addition of the cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor NS-398 or in macrophages stably transfected with an antisense cyclooxygenase-2 expression vector. Our results point to cyclooxygenase-2 induction by lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma/N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine or low- dose nitric oxide pretreatment conferring macrophage protection to the apoptotic action of nitric oxide.
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