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The FASEB Journal, Vol 10, 598-614, Copyright © 1996 by The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

REVIEWS

Proteoglycans of the extracellular environment: clues from the gene and protein side offer novel perspectives in molecular diversity and function

RV Iozzo and AD Murdoch
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.

This review focuses on the extracellular proteoglycans. Special emphasis is placed on the structural features of their protein cores, their gene organization, and their transcriptional control. A simplified nomenclature comprising two broad groups of extracellular proteoglycans is offered: the small leucine-rich proteoglycans or SLRPs, pronounced "slurps, " and the modular proteoglycans. The first group encompasses at least five distinct members of a gene family characterized by a central domain composed of leucine-rich repeats flanked by two cysteine-rich regions. The second group consists of those proteoglycans whose unifying feature is the assembly of various protein modules in a relatively elongated and often highly glycosylated structure. This group is quite heterogeneous and includes a distinct family of proteoglycans, the "hyalectans," that bind hyaluronan and contain a C-type lectin motif that is likely to bind carbohydrates, and a less distinct group that contains structural homologies but lacks hyaluronan-binding properties or lectin-like domains.


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H. Ungefroren, B. Gellersen, N. B. Krull, and H. Kalthoff
Biglycan Gene Expression in the Human Leiomyosarcoma Cell Line SK-UT-1. BASAL AND PROTEIN KINASE A-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION INVOLVES BINDING OF Sp1-LIKE/Sp3 PROTEINS IN THE PROXIMAL PROMOTER REGION
J. Biol. Chem., October 30, 1998; 273(44): 29230 - 29240.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
G. J. Thomas, S. Yung, and M. Davies
Bikunin Present in Human Peritoneal Fluid Is in Part Derived from the Interaction of Serum with Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells
Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 1998; 153(4): 1267 - 1276.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. P. Spicer, L. A. Kaback, T. J. Smith, and M. F. Seldin
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Human and Mouse UDP-Glucose Dehydrogenase Genes
J. Biol. Chem., September 25, 1998; 273(39): 25117 - 25124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. Halfter, S. Dong, B. Schurer, and G. J. Cole
Collagen XVIII Is a Basement Membrane Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan
J. Biol. Chem., September 25, 1998; 273(39): 25404 - 25412.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JCBHome page
R. Hagg, P. Bruckner, and E. Hedbom
Cartilage Fibrils of Mammals are Biochemically Heterogeneous: Differential Distribution of Decorin and Collagen IX
J. Cell Biol., July 13, 1998; 142(1): 285 - 294.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Schmalfeldt, M. T. Dours-Zimmermann, K. H. Winterhalter, and D. R. Zimmermann
Versican V2 Is a Major Extracellular Matrix Component of the Mature Bovine Brain
J. Biol. Chem., June 19, 1998; 273(25): 15758 - 15764.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JCBHome page
S. Chakravarti, T. Magnuson, J. H. Lass, K. J. Jepsen, C. LaMantia, and H. Carroll
Lumican Regulates Collagen Fibril Assembly: Skin Fragility and Corneal Opacity in the Absence of Lumican
J. Cell Biol., June 1, 1998; 141(5): 1277 - 1286.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JCBHome page
M. Wendel, Y. Sommarin, and D. Heinegard
Bone Matrix Proteins: Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Cell-binding Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan (Osteoadherin) from Bovine Bone
J. Cell Biol., May 4, 1998; 141(3): 839 - 847.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Ishitsuka, K. Kojima, H. Utsumi, H. Ogawa, and I. Matsumoto
Glycosaminoglycan Binding Properties of Annexin IV, V, and VI
J. Biol. Chem., April 17, 1998; 273(16): 9935 - 9941.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. B. Valhmu, G. D. Palmer, J. Dobson, S. G. Fischer, and A. Ratcliffe
Regulatory Activities of the 5'- and 3'-Untranslated Regions and Promoter of the Human Aggrecan Gene
J. Biol. Chem., March 13, 1998; 273(11): 6196 - 6202.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Patel, M. Santra, D. J. McQuillan, R. V. Iozzo, and A. P. Thomas
Decorin Activates the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Elevates Cytosolic Ca2+ in A431 Carcinoma Cells
J. Biol. Chem., February 6, 1998; 273(6): 3121 - 3124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
D. R. Keene, C. C. Ridgway, and R. V. Iozzo
Type VI Microfilaments Interact with a Specific Region of Banded Collagen Fibrils in Skin
J. Histochem. Cytochem., February 1, 1998; 46(2): 215 - 220.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 JCBHome page
T. R. Kyriakides, Y.-H. Zhu, L. T. Smith, S. D. Bain, Z. Yang, M. T. Lin, K. G. Danielson, R. V. Iozzo, M. LaMarca, C. E. McKinney, et al.
Mice That Lack Thrombospondin 2 Display Connective Tissue Abnormalities That Are Associated with Disordered Collagen Fibrillogenesis, an Increased Vascular Density, and a Bleeding Diathesis
J. Cell Biol., January 26, 1998; 140(2): 419 - 430.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CROBMHome page
M.M. Klinger, F. Rahemtulla, C.W. Prince, L.C. Lucas, and J.E. Lemons
Proteoglycans At the Bone-Implant Interface
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, January 1, 1998; 9(4): 449 - 463.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
E. S. Tasheva, L. M. Corpuz, J. L. Funderburgh, and G. W. Conrad
Differential Splicing and Alternative Polyadenylation Generate Multiple Mimecan mRNA Transcripts
J. Biol. Chem., December 19, 1997; 272(51): 32551 - 32556.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JCBHome page
Y. Liang, M. Haring, P. J. Roughley, R. K. Margolis, and R. U. Margolis
Glypican and Biglycan in the Nuclei of Neurons and Glioma Cells: Presence of Functional Nuclear Localization Signals and Dynamic Changes in Glypican During the Cell Cycle
J. Cell Biol., November 17, 1997; 139(4): 851 - 864.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JDRHome page
S. Yamauchi, H. Cheng, P. Neame, B. Caterson, and M. Yamauchi
Identification, Partial Characterization, and Distribution of Versican and Link Protein in Bovine Dental Pulp
Journal of Dental Research, November 1, 1997; 76(11): 1730 - 1736.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
U. Rauch, A. Clement, C. Retzler, L. Frohlich, R. Fassler, W. Gohring, and A. Faissner
Mapping of a Defined Neurocan Binding Site to Distinct Domains of Tenascin-C
J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 1997; 272(43): 26905 - 26912.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Ehnis, W. Dieterich, M. Bauer, H. Kresse, and D. Schuppan
Localization of a Binding Site for the Proteoglycan Decorin on Collagen XIV (Undulin)
J. Biol. Chem., August 15, 1997; 272(33): 20414 - 20419.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. J. Johnson, L. Rosenberg, H. U. Choi, S. Garza, M. Hook, and P. J. Neame
Characterization of Epiphycan, a Small Proteoglycan with a Leucine-rich Repeat Core Protein
J. Biol. Chem., July 25, 1997; 272(30): 18709 - 18717.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Kresse, C. Liszio, E. Schonherr, and L. W. Fisher
Critical Role of Glutamate in a Central Leucine-rich Repeat of Decorin for Interaction with Type I Collagen
J. Biol. Chem., July 18, 1997; 272(29): 18404 - 18410.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
D. Marchetti, S. Liu, W. C. Spohn, and D. D. Carson
Heparanase and a Synthetic Peptide of Heparan Sulfate-interacting Protein Recognize Common Sites on Cell Surface and Extracellular Matrix Heparan Sulfate
J. Biol. Chem., June 20, 1997; 272(25): 15891 - 15897.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
L. Nelimarkka, V. Kainulainen, E. Schonherr, S. Moisander, M. Jortikka, M. Lammi, K. Elenius, M. Jalkanen, and H. Jarvelainen
Expression of Small Extracellular Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycans Is Differentially Regulated in Human Endothelial Cells
J. Biol. Chem., May 9, 1997; 272(19): 12730 - 12737.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. K. Batra, J. C. Olsen, D. K. Hoganson, B. Caterson, and R. C. Boucher
Retroviral Gene Transfer Is Inhibited by Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/Glycosaminoglycans in Malignant Pleural Effusions
J. Biol. Chem., May 2, 1997; 272(18): 11736 - 11743.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
F. Deak, D. Piecha, C. Bachrati, M. Paulsson, and I. Kiss
Primary Structure and Expression of Matrilin-2, the Closest Relative of Cartilage Matrix Protein within the von Willebrand Factor Type A-like Module Superfamily
J. Biol. Chem., April 4, 1997; 272(14): 9268 - 9274.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. V. Iozzo, J. Pillarisetti, B. Sharma, A. D. Murdoch, K. G. Danielson, J. Uitto, and A. Mauviel
Structural and Functional Characterization of the Human Perlecan Gene Promoter. TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-beta VIA A NUCLEAR FACTOR 1-BINDING ELEMENT
J. Biol. Chem., February 21, 1997; 272(8): 5219 - 5228.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JCBHome page
K. G. Danielson, H. Baribault, D. F. Holmes, H. Graham, K. E. Kadler, and R. V. Iozzo
Targeted Disruption of Decorin Leads to Abnormal Collagen Fibril Morphology and Skin Fragility
J. Cell Biol., February 10, 1997; 136(3): 729 - 743.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
I. T. Weber, R. W. Harrison, and R. V. Iozzo
Model Structure of Decorin and Implications for Collagen Fibrillogenesis
J. Biol. Chem., December 13, 1996; 271(50): 31767 - 31770.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
U. K. Blaschke, E. Hedbom, and P. Bruckner
Distinct Isoforms of Chicken Decorin Contain Either One or Two Dermatan Sulfate Chains
J. Biol. Chem., November 29, 1996; 271(48): 30347 - 30353.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Retzler, W. Gohring, and U. Rauch
Analysis of Neurocan Structures Interacting with the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule N-CAM
J. Biol. Chem., November 1, 1996; 271(44): 27304 - 27310.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Mauviel, K. Korang, M. Santra, D. Tewari, J. Uitto, and R. V. Iozzo
Identification of a Bimodal Regulatory Element Encompassing a Canonical AP-1 Binding Site in the Proximal Promoter Region of the Human Decorin Gene
J. Biol. Chem., October 4, 1996; 271(40): 24824 - 24829.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. De Luca, M. Santra, A. Baldi, A. Giordano, and R. V. Iozzo
Decorin-induced Growth Suppression Is Associated with Up-regulation of p21, an Inhibitor of Cyclin-dependent Kinases
J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 1996; 271(31): 18961 - 18965.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. I. Olin, M. Morgelin, T. Sasaki, R. Timpl, D. Heinegard, and A. Aspberg
The Proteoglycans Aggrecan and Versican Form Networks with Fibulin-2 through Their Lectin Domain Binding
J. Biol. Chem., January 5, 2001; 276(2): 1253 - 1261.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Hirose, H. Kawashima, O. Yoshie, K. Tashiro, and M. Miyasaka
Versican Interacts with Chemokines and Modulates Cellular Responses
J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2001; 276(7): 5228 - 5234.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
E. Bengtsson, A. Aspberg, D. Heinegard, Y. Sommarin, and D. Spillmann
The Amino-terminal Part of PRELP Binds to Heparin and Heparan Sulfate
J. Biol. Chem., December 22, 2000; 275(52): 40695 - 40702.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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