The FASEB Journal, Vol 10, 1505-1517, Copyright © 1996 by The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

REVIEWS

Spatial and temporal aspects of cellular calcium signaling

AP Thomas, GS Bird, G Hajnoczky, LD Robb-Gaspers and JW Putney Jr
Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.

Cytosolic Ca2+ signals are often organized in complex temporal and spatial patterns, even under conditions of sustained stimulation. In this review we discuss the mechanisms and physiological significance of this behavior in nonexcitable cells, in which the primary mechanism of Ca2+ mobilization is through (1,4,5)IP3-dependent Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Oscillations of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) are a common form of temporal organization; in the spatial domain, these [Ca2+]i oscillations may take the form of [Ca2+]i waves that propagate throughout the cell or they may be restricted to specific subcellular regions. These patterns of Ca2+ signaling result from the limited range of cytoplasmic Ca2+ diffusion and the feedback regulation of the pathways responsible for Ca2+ mobilization. In addition, the spatial organization of [Ca2+]i changes appears to depend on the strategic distribution of Ca2+ stores within the cell. One type of [Ca2+]i oscillation is baseline spiking, in which discrete [Ca2+]i spikes occur with a frequency, but not amplitude, that is determined by agonist dose. Most current evidence favors a model in which baseline [Ca2+]i spiking results from the complex interplay between [Ca2+]i and (1,4,5)IP3 in regulating the gating of (1,4,5)IP3-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ channels. Sinusoidal [Ca2+]i oscillations represent a mechanistically distinct type of temporal organization, in which agonist dose regulates the amplitude but has no effect on oscillation frequency. Sinusoidal [Ca2+]i oscillations can be explained by a negative feedback effect of protein kinase C on the generation of (1,4,5)IP3 at the level of phospholipase C or its activating G-protein. The physiological significance of [Ca2+]i oscillations and waves is becoming more established with the observation of this behavior in intact tissues and by the recognition of Ca2+-dependent processes that are adapted to respond to frequency-modulated oscillatory [Ca2+]i signals. In some cells, these [Ca2+]i signals are targeted to control processes in limited cytoplasmic domains, and in other systems [Ca2+]i waves can be propagated through gap junctions to coordinate the function of multicellular systems.

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				Z. Pan, D. Damron, A.-L. Nieminen, M. B. Bhat, and J. Ma Depletion of Intracellular Ca2+ by Caffeine and Ryanodine Induces Apoptosis of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Transfected with Ryanodine Receptor J. Biol. Chem., June 23, 2000; 275(26): 19978 - 19984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sneyd and J.-F. Dufour A dynamic model of the type-2 inositol trisphosphate receptor PNAS, February 19, 2002; 99(4): 2398 - 2403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. H. Young and E. Rozengurt Amino acids and Ca2+ stimulate different patterns of Ca2+ oscillations through the Ca2+-sensing receptor Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): C1414 - C1422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. M. Engstrom, D. W. Ehrhardt, R. M. Mitra, and S. R. Long Pharmacological Analysis of Nod Factor-Induced Calcium Spiking in Medicago truncatula. Evidence for the Requirement of Type IIA Calcium Pumps and Phosphoinositide Signaling Plant Physiology, April 1, 2002; 128(4): 1390 - 1401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]