FASEB J. Pierce now sold as Thermo Scientific
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
17/2/250
02-0611fjev1    most recent
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Jurd, R.
Right arrow Articles by Rudolph, U.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Jurd, R.
Right arrow Articles by Rudolph, U.
The FASEB Journal Express Article doi:10.1096/fj.02-0611fje
Published online December 3, 2002

General anesthetic actions in vivo strongly attenuated by a point mutation in the GABAA receptor β3 subunit

Rachel Jurd, Margarete Arras, Sachar Lambert, Berthold Drexler, Roberta Siegwart, Florence Crestani, Michael Zaugg, Kaspar E. Vogt, Birgit Ledermann, Bernd Antkowiak, and Uwe Rudolph

E-mail contact: rudolph{at}pharma.unizh.ch

General anesthetics are widely used in clinical practice. On the molecular level, these compounds have been shown to modulate the activity of various neuronal ion channels. However, the functional relevance of identified sites in mediating essential components of the general anesthetic state, such as immobility and hypnosis, is still unknown. Using gene-targeting technology, we generated mice harboring a subtle point mutation (N265M) in the second transmembrane region of the β3 subunit of the GABAA receptor. In these mice, the suppression of noxious-evoked movements in response to the intravenous anesthetics etomidate and propofol is completely abolished, while only slightly decreased with the volatile anesthetics enflurane and halothane. β3(N265M) mice also display a profound reduction in the loss of righting reflex duration in response to intravenous but not volatile anesthetics. In addition, electrophysiological recordings revealed that anesthetic agents were significantly less effective in enhancing GABAA receptor-mediated currents, and in decreasing spontaneous action potential firing in cortical brain slices derived from mutant mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that a single molecular target, and indeed a specific residue (N265) located within the GABAA receptor β3 subunit, is a major determinant of behavioral responses evoked by the intravenous anesthetics etomidate and propofol, whereas volatile anesthetics appear to act via a broader spectrum of molecular targets.

Key words: anesthesia · animal model · knock-in · gene targeting




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
E. I. Eger II, D. E. Raines, S. L. Shafer, H. C. Hemmings Jr, and J. M. Sonner
Is a New Paradigm Needed to Explain How Inhaled Anesthetics Produce Immobility?
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2008; 107(3): 832 - 848.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
C. M. Crowder
Does Natural Selection Explain the Universal Response of Metazoans to Volatile Anesthetics?
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2008; 107(3): 862 - 863.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
J. F. A. Hendrickx, E. I. Eger II, J. M. Sonner, and S. L. Shafer
Is Synergy the Rule? A Review of Anesthetic Interactions Producing Hypnosis and Immobility
Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2008; 107(2): 494 - 506.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
A. Yao, J. Kim, R. Atherley, S. L. Jinks, E. Carstens, S. Shargh, A. Sulger, and J. F. Antognini
The Effects of Aromatic Anesthetics on Dorsal Horn Neuronal Responses to Noxious Stimulation
Anesth. Analg., June 1, 2008; 106(6): 1759 - 1764.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
M. Haines, L. M. Mao, L. Yang, A. Arora, E. E. Fibuch, and J. Q. Wang
Modulation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit phosphorylation in neurons by the intravenous anaesthetic propofol
Br. J. Anaesth., May 1, 2008; 100(5): 676 - 682.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
L. Yang and J. M. Sonner
The Anesthetic-Like Effects of Diverse Compounds on Wild-Type and Mutant {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Type A and Glycine Receptors
Anesth. Analg., March 1, 2008; 106(3): 838 - 845.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
L. S. Barter, L. O. Mark, S. L. Jinks, E. E. Carstens, and J. F. Antognini
Immobilizing Doses of Halothane, Isoflurane or Propofol, Do Not Preferentially Depress Noxious Heat-Evoked Responses of Rat Lumbar Dorsal Horn Neurons with Ascending Projections
Anesth. Analg., March 1, 2008; 106(3): 985 - 990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
M. B. Herd, A. R. Haythornthwaite, T. W. Rosahl, K. A. Wafford, G. E. Homanics, J. J. Lambert, and D. Belelli
The expression of GABAA {beta} subunit isoforms in synaptic and extrasynaptic receptor populations of mouse dentate gyrus granule cells
J. Physiol., February 15, 2008; 586(4): 989 - 1004.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
A.-M. Linden, C. Sandu, M. I. Aller, O. Y. Vekovischeva, P. H. Rosenberg, W. Wisden, and E. R. Korpi
TASK-3 Knockout Mice Exhibit Exaggerated Nocturnal Activity, Impairments in Cognitive Functions, and Reduced Sensitivity to Inhalation Anesthetics
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2007; 323(3): 924 - 934.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
W. Ouyang, T.-Y. Jih, T.-T. Zhang, A. M. Correa, and H. C. Hemmings Jr.
Isoflurane Inhibits NaChBac, a Prokaryotic Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2007; 322(3): 1076 - 1083.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
C. Grasshoff, R. Jurd, U. Rudolph, and B. Antkowiak
Modulation of Presynaptic beta3-Containing GABAA Receptors Limits the Immobilizing Actions of GABAergic Anesthetics
Mol. Pharmacol., September 1, 2007; 72(3): 780 - 787.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
T. Engelhardt, M. K. Chan, A. J. McCheyne, C. Karsli, I. Luginbuehl, and B. Bissonnette
The Effect of Varying Continuous Propofol Infusions on Plasma Cyclic Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Concentrations in Anesthetized Children
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2007; 105(3): 616 - 619.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
I. Andres-Enguix, A. Caley, R. Yustos, M. A. Schumacher, P. D. Spanu, R. Dickinson, M. Maze, and N. P. Franks
Determinants of the Anesthetic Sensitivity of Two-pore Domain Acid-sensitive Potassium Channels: MOLECULAR CLONING OF AN ANESTHETIC-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL FROM LYMNAEA STAGNALIS
J. Biol. Chem., July 20, 2007; 282(29): 20977 - 20990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
J. Mourisse, J. Lerou, M. Struys, M. Zwarts, and L. Booij
Multi-level approach to anaesthetic effects produced by sevoflurane or propofol in humans: 2. BIS and tetanic stimulus-induced withdrawal reflex
Br. J. Anaesth., June 1, 2007; 98(6): 746 - 755.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
S. Katayama, M. Irifune, N. Kikuchi, T. Takarada, Y. Shimizu, C. Endo, T. Takata, T. Dohi, T. Sato, and M. Kawahara
Increased {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Mouse Brain Induce Loss of Righting Reflex, but Not Immobility, in Response to Noxious Stimulation
Anesth. Analg., June 1, 2007; 104(6): 1422 - 1429.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biophys. JHome page
A. Rosen, M. Bali, J. Horenstein, and M. H. Akabas
Channel Opening by Anesthetics and GABA Induces Similar Changes in the GABAA Receptor M2 Segment
Biophys. J., May 1, 2007; 92(9): 3130 - 3139.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
D. P. Bright, S. D. Adham, L. C. J. M. Lemaire, R. Benavides, M. Gruss, G. W. Taylor, E. H. Smith, and N. P. Franks
Identification of Anesthetic Binding Sites on Human Serum Albumin Using a Novel Etomidate Photolabel
J. Biol. Chem., April 20, 2007; 282(16): 12038 - 12047.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
Y. Zhang, M. J. Laster, E. I. Eger II, M. Sharma, and J. M. Sonner
Blockade of Acetylcholine Receptors Does Not Change the Dose of Etomidate Required to Produce Immobility in Rats
Anesth. Analg., April 1, 2007; 104(4): 850 - 852.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
E. H. van den Burg, J. Engelmann, J. Bacelo, L. Gomez, and K. Grant
Etomidate Reduces Initiation of Backpropagating Dendritic Action Potentials: Implications for Sensory Processing and Synaptic Plasticity During Anesthesia
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2007; 97(3): 2373 - 2384.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
K. R. Drasbek, K. Hoestgaard-Jensen, and K. Jensen
Modulation of Extrasynaptic THIP Conductances by GABAA-Receptor Modulators in Mouse Neocortex
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2007; 97(3): 2293 - 2300.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
A. Zeller, M. Arras, R. Jurd, and U. Rudolph
Identification of a Molecular Target Mediating the General Anesthetic Actions of Pentobarbital
Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2007; 71(3): 852 - 859.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Huang, X. Feng, J. J. Sando, and Z. Zuo
Critical Role of Serine 465 in Isoflurane-induced Increase of Cell-surface Redistribution and Activity of Glutamate Transporter Type 3
J. Biol. Chem., December 15, 2006; 281(50): 38133 - 38138.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
K. P. Ng and J. F. Antognini
Isoflurane and Propofol Have Similar Effects on Spinal Neuronal Windup at Concentrations that Block Movement
Anesth. Analg., December 1, 2006; 103(6): 1453 - 1458.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
G.-D. Li, D. C. Chiara, G. W. Sawyer, S. S. Husain, R. W. Olsen, and J. B. Cohen
Identification of a GABAA Receptor Anesthetic Binding Site at Subunit Interfaces by Photolabeling with an Etomidate Analog.
J. Neurosci., November 8, 2006; 26(45): 11599 - 11605.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
C. Grasshoff and B. Antkowiak
Effects of isoflurane and enflurane on GABAA and glycine receptors contribute equally to depressant actions on spinal ventral horn neurones in rats
Br. J. Anaesth., November 1, 2006; 97(5): 687 - 694.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
Y. Tanifuji, Y. Zhang, M. Liao, E. I. Eger II, M. J. Laster, and J. M. Sonner
Do Dopamine Receptors Mediate Part of MAC?
Anesth. Analg., November 1, 2006; 103(5): 1177 - 1181.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
D. F. Werner, Y. A. Blednov, O. J. Ariwodola, Y. Silberman, E. Logan, R. B. Berry, C. M. Borghese, D. B. Matthews, J. L. Weiner, N. L. Harrison, et al.
Knockin Mice with Ethanol-Insensitive {alpha}1-Containing {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors Display Selective Alterations in Behavioral Responses to Ethanol
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2006; 319(1): 219 - 227.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
C. M. Borghese, D. F. Werner, N. Topf, N. V. Baron, L. A. Henderson, S. L. Boehm II, Y. A. Blednov, A. Saad, S. Dai, R. A. Pearce, et al.
An Isoflurane- and Alcohol-Insensitive Mutant GABAA Receptor {alpha}1 Subunit with Near-Normal Apparent Affinity for GABA: Characterization in Heterologous Systems and Production of Knockin Mice
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2006; 319(1): 208 - 218.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
A. W. Merrill, L. S. Barter, U. Rudolph, E. I. Eger II, J. F. Antognini, M. I. Carstens, and E. Carstens
Propofol's effects on nociceptive behavior and spinal c-fos expression after intraplantar formalin injection in mice with a mutation in the gamma-aminobutyric acid-type(A) receptor beta3 subunit.
Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2006; 103(2): 478 - 83, table of contents.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
R. Brosnan, D. Gong, J. Cotten, B. Keshavaprasad, C. S. Yost, E. I. Eger II, and J. M. Sonner
Chirality in Anesthesia II: Stereoselective Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Secondary Alcohol Enantiomers.
Anesth. Analg., July 1, 2006; 103(1): 86 - 91.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
M. J. Rojas, J. A. Navas, and D. M. Rector
Evoked response potential markers for anesthetic and behavioral states
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): R189 - R196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. Wallner, H. J. Hanchar, and R. W. Olsen
From the Cover: Low-dose alcohol actions on {alpha}4beta3{delta} GABAA receptors are reversed by the behavioral alcohol antagonist Ro15-4513
PNAS, May 30, 2006; 103(22): 8540 - 8545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Jansen and M. H. Akabas
State-dependent cross-linking of the M2 and M3 segments: functional basis for the alignment of GABAA and acetylcholine receptor M3 segments.
J. Neurosci., April 26, 2006; 26(17): 4492 - 4499.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
V. Y. Cheng, L. J. Martin, E. M. Elliott, J. H. Kim, H. T. J. Mount, F. A. Taverna, J. C. Roder, J. F. MacDonald, A. Bhambri, N. Collinson, et al.
Alpha5GABAA receptors mediate the amnestic but not sedative-hypnotic effects of the general anesthetic etomidate.
J. Neurosci., April 5, 2006; 26(14): 3713 - 3720.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care PainHome page
C. J Weir
The molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia: dissecting the GABAA receptor
CEACCP, April 1, 2006; 6(2): 49 - 53.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
T. Mitsuyo, J. F. Antognini, and E. Carstens
Etomidate depresses lumbar dorsal horn neuronal responses to noxious thermal stimulation in rats.
Anesth. Analg., April 1, 2006; 102(4): 1169 - 1173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
J. Engelmann, J. Bacelo, E. van den Burg, and K. Grant
Sensory and Motor Effects of Etomidate Anesthesia
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2006; 95(2): 1231 - 1243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
X. Chen, S. Shu, and D. A. Bayliss
Suppression of Ih Contributes to Propofol-Induced Inhibition of Mouse Cortical Pyramidal Neurons
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2005; 94(6): 3872 - 3883.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
M. Orth, L. Barter, C. Dominguez, R. Atherley, E. Carstens, and J. F. Antognini
Halothane and propofol differentially affect electroencephalographic responses to noxious stimulation
Br. J. Anaesth., October 1, 2005; 95(4): 477 - 484.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
E. D. Zarnowska, R. A. Pearce, A. A. Saad, and M. Perouansky
The {gamma}-Subunit Governs the Susceptibility of Recombinant {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors to Block by the Nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (F6, 2N)
Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2005; 101(2): 401 - 406.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
M. Liao, J. M. Sonner, R. Jurd, U. Rudolph, C. M. Borghese, R. A. Harris, M. J. Laster, and E. I. Eger II
{beta}3-Containing Gamma-Aminobutyric AcidA Receptors Are Not Major Targets for the Amnesic and Immobilizing Actions of Isoflurane
Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2005; 101(2): 412 - 418.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
M. Liao, J. M. Sonner, S. S. Husain, K. W. Miller, R. Jurd, U. Rudolph, and E. I. Eger II
R (+) Etomidate and the Photoactivable R (+) Azietomidate Have Comparable Anesthetic Activity in Wild-Type Mice and Comparably Decreased Activity in Mice with a N265M Point Mutation in the Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor {beta}3 Subunit
Anesth. Analg., July 1, 2005; 101(1): 131 - 135.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
X. Chen, J. E. Sirois, Q. Lei, E. M. Talley, C. Lynch III, and D. A. Bayliss
HCN Subunit-Specific and cAMP-Modulated Effects of Anesthetics on Neuronal Pacemaker Currents
J. Neurosci., June 15, 2005; 25(24): 5803 - 5814.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 FASEB J.Home page
R. Liu, P. J. Loll, and R. G. Eckenhoff
Structural basis for high-affinity volatile anesthetic binding in a natural 4-helix bundle protein
FASEB J, April 1, 2005; 19(6): 567 - 576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
S.-W. Ying and P. A. Goldstein
Propofol-Block of SK Channels in Reticular Thalamic Neurons Enhances GABAergic Inhibition in Relay Neurons
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2005; 93(4): 1935 - 1948.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
J. A. Gredell, P. A. Turnquist, M. B. MacIver, and R. A. Pearce
Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of propofol in rat brain tissue: implications for studies of drug action in vitro
Br. J. Anaesth., December 1, 2004; 93(6): 810 - 817.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
Z Xie, K. P. M Currie, and A. P Fox
Etomidate elevates intracellular calcium levels and promotes catecholamine secretion in bovine chromaffin cells
J. Physiol., November 1, 2004; 560(3): 677 - 690.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 GeneticsHome page
A. H. Hawasli, O. Saifee, C. Liu, M. L. Nonet, and C. M. Crowder
Resistance to Volatile Anesthetics by Mutations Enhancing Excitatory Neurotransmitter Release in Caenorhabditis elegans
Genetics, October 1, 2004; 168(2): 831 - 843.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. C. Bieda and M. B. MacIver
Major Role For Tonic GABAA Conductances in Anesthetic Suppression of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2004; 92(3): 1658 - 1667.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
D. J. Sandstrom
Isoflurane depresses glutamate release by reducing neuronal excitability at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction
J. Physiol., July 15, 2004; 558(2): 489 - 502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
J. Ahrens, G. Haeseler, M. Leuwer, B. Mohammadi, K. Krampfl, R. Dengler, and J. Bufler
2,6 Di-tert-butylphenol, a Nonanesthetic Propofol Analog, Modulates {alpha}1{beta} Glycine Receptor Function in a Manner Distinct from Propofol
Anesth. Analg., July 1, 2004; 99(1): 91 - 96.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
P. Nagele, L. B. Metz, and C. M. Crowder
Nitrous oxide (N2O) requires the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor for its action in Caenorhabditis elegans
PNAS, June 8, 2004; 101(23): 8791 - 8796.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
S. L. Boehm II, L. Peden, R. A. Harris, and Y. A. Blednov
Deletion of the fyn-Kinase Gene Alters Sensitivity to GABAergic Drugs: Dependence on {beta}2/{beta}3 GABAA Receptor Subunits
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2004; 309(3): 1154 - 1159.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Miko, E. Werby, H. Sun, J. Healey, and L. Zhang
A TM2 Residue in the {beta}1 Subunit Determines Spontaneous Opening of Homomeric and Heteromeric {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid-gated Ion Channels
J. Biol. Chem., May 28, 2004; 279(22): 22833 - 22840.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
D. Rusch, H. Zhong, and S. A. Forman
Gating Allosterism at a Single Class of Etomidate Sites on {alpha}1{beta}2{gamma}2L GABAA Receptors Accounts for Both Direct Activation and Agonist Modulation
J. Biol. Chem., May 14, 2004; 279(20): 20982 - 20992.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
C. J. Weir, A. T. Y. Ling, D. Belelli, J. A. W. Wildsmith, J. A. Peters, and J. J. Lambert
The interaction of anaesthetic steroids with recombinant glycine and GABAA receptors{dagger}
Br. J. Anaesth., May 1, 2004; 92(5): 704 - 711.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. R. Ziebell, S. Nirthanan, S. S. Husain, K. W. Miller, and J. B. Cohen
Identification of Binding Sites in the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor for [3H]Azietomidate, a Photoactivatable General Anesthetic
J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 17640 - 17649.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
S. M. O'Shea, L. Becker, H. Weiher, H. Betz, and B. Laube
Propofol Restores the Function of "Hyperekplexic" Mutant Glycine Receptors in Xenopus Oocytes and Mice
J. Neurosci., March 3, 2004; 24(9): 2322 - 2327.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
M. Bali and M. H. Akabas
Defining the Propofol Binding Site Location on the GABAA Receptor
Mol. Pharmacol., January 1, 2004; 65(1): 68 - 76.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]